Perspectives on Vulnerability in Childhood

Perspectives on Vulnerability in Childhood The aim of this assignment is to discuss critically the principles of working with vulnerable children or young people by using an anonymousness case study. The plan is to illustrate the key concepts of vulnerability and resilience, consider the impact on the childs mental health and to look at different legislations. Scenario Mary is a five-year-old child who lives at home with her Mum and Dad. In view of the recent recession, Marys Dad has lost his job and is displaying negative emotions and this is causing friction with his wife. Mum has mild learning difficulties but is able to hold down a part time job, taking on more hours to compensate for the loss of earnings and leaving Dad to attend to Mary. Mary attends school but recently her attendance has been erratic, on several occasions Marys homework as not been done. School staff has noticed Mary turning up to school dirty, smelly and appears to have lost weight in recent weeks. The teacher has tried on several occasions to arrange a meeting but Mum claims to be too busy with work and Dad shows no interest. Vulnerability An explanation by Appleton (1994) describes vulnerability as a complex concept where there are many interacting factors. Appleton (1994) suggests vulnerability can be viewed as a scale where families at different periods in life can be more susceptible to both internal and external stress factors. In comparison, The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (USAHCPR 1998) suggests that the environment may contribute to the vulnerability of people through various phases of life. More specifically different people may be vulnerable in a variety of ways due to health issues, age, communication problems and the house and community where they live. Equally important a recent concept of vulnerability suggests that parents or carers inability to provide basic needs, such as love, warmth, shelter and a healthy diet may affect the childs all round development. (Cleaver et al 2007). One cannot deny that everybody at some point in his or her life may be vulnerable. However, according to some experts how old you are can also be an influence. In other words, infants and children are considered more vulnerable because they rely on parents or carers to provide their basic needs. The reason for this is young children do not have the verbal language to communicate for their own needs (Aday 1993, Gitterman Shulman 1994, Miller 1995). Nevertheless all concepts advocate a similar meaning and according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990) article nineteen, states that every child has the right to be protected. Young children need to be nurtured and guided by parents or caregivers to provide them with the basic needs to develop into participating young adults in society (Cleaver et al 2007). So it is vital that all nurses, midwifes and health visitors should have the skill and knowledge to identify indicators of vulnerability in children and be responsible t o pursue any concerns with the appropriate person (Stower 2000). Resilience In the science of human development, resilience has comprehensive and different meanings, including recovery from traumatic experience, overcoming divorce and withstanding stress to function well in the tasks of life. It is clear from those facts that resilience refers to patterns of positive adaptation or development manifested in the context of adverse experiences (Masten Gewirtz 2006). Masten and Gewirtz (2006) suggest that resilience is a dynamic balance between risk and positive factors. In addition, how individuals, children, and families cope in the face of adversity. This led us to believe through research that early childhood is a significant time where parents can nurture the characteristics of the children in promoting and understanding resilience (Masten Gewirtz 2006). Furthermore, Masten and Gewirtz (2006) suggest that resilience may come naturally to some children where other children may need help in acquiring those skills. One should, nevertheless consider resilience from another angle where existence of protective factors may explain why one child may cope better with adverse life events than another (Getting it Right for Every Child 2008). Protective factors are those variables that safeguard against the effects of risk factors, the presence of one or more factors of negative outcome for a child or young person. Protective and risk factors can be divided into four groups, child, family, school, and community factors (Durlak 1998). An example of a risk factor would be insecure attachment and the protective factor would be attachment to a family (Durlak 1998). With new information and understanding of resilience in individuals there seems to be a shift from the emphasis on factors and variables to mechanisms and processes. This shift looks at how well an individual processes and copes in the face of adversity (Rutter 2007). Furthermore, this refers to mental operations, for example coping skills, as well as individual characteristics and experiences (Rutter 2007). On reflection, it seems more accurate to say that considering not only characteristics and experiences but also the age and stage of development of the child. In addition, for example children aged five and less has a reduced repertoire of coping mechanisms. Similarly, Schoon (2006) suggest resilience is not only dependent on the characteristics of the individual but interactions from the family and the wider community may also play a part. On the other hand, Brooks (2006) points out that the family is at the centre of providing care and this has the greatest influence on the development of resilience in children. In relation to the scenario, Marys all round development at this moment may be vulnerable. As highlighted above how old you are can also be an influence because children aged five and less has a reduced repertoire of coping mechanisms and the increased of vulnerability in this age group in terms of physical and emotional development. Mary is dependent on her parents to provide her basic needs, food, warmth, shelter, and love. The effects of neglect can have a long-term influence on Marys quality of life. However, some children cope with and overcome the socio-emotional effects of child neglect. Mary may have protective factors within the family, such as a Grandmother, who may help to reduce the effects of neglect and foster resilience. The family dynamics have changed within the family where Mum is now working full time and Dad is the main caregiver. In view of the recent recession, Marys Dad has lost his job and is displaying negative emotions. This may have an impact on Marys all round development and her mental health because are social skills and needs is not being met. Mental Health In relation to the scenario, Mary is showing signs of neglect. To begin with, according to Horwath (2007) there have been many publications about neglect. However, not one was able to give a clear definition on what is neglect. In addition, analysis from these definitions agrees that neglect is an omission, or failure on part of the parent or carer to provide the basic needs for the child, such as healthy diet, and love (Horwath 2007). Likewise, the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC 2007) agrees that neglect is difficult to define and describes it as a complex phenomenon. However, both the NSPCC (2007) and Horwath (2007) agree that neglect in practice can present short term to chronic and severe neglect. Furthermore, periodic failure or one-off incidents can have a significant effect on a child. These periodic and one-off incidents may be indicative of developing neglectful behaviour. Another possibility it may be an indication that the family is suffe ring from stress, or a temporary crisis because of parenting issues (Horwath 2007) such as Marys Dad has been made redundant. When people hear the word neglect, they usually think of parents not providing their children with food, clothes, or a safe environment to live in. Alternatively, parents can neglect their children (Horwath 2007) in other ways. Furthermore, Horwath (2007) suggests that there are a variety of parenting behaviours that may be classed as forms of neglect such as, medical, nutritional, education and emotional. Parents or carers who emotionally neglect their child fail in providing physical or emotional affection and do not develop the childs sense of self-worth and positive identity (Horwath 2007). More specifically, it affects the childs all round development including their mental health. Mental health can mean different things to different people. For children to be mentally healthy they need to be loved, healthy diet, and opportunities to make choices, protection from risk, and shelter. However, the list is exhaustive but more specifically according to young minds (2002) children who live life to the full, creative and sociable lives, cope with difficulties and frustrations are mentally healthy. The foundation for building emotional understanding skills has been found to develop within the parent-child relationship (Parke et al 1992). According Edwards, Shipman, and Brown (2005) through the parent-child relationship children learn from their parents how to label and interpret motions in different situational contexts, when it is appropriate, how to show and evade emotional experiences as culturally indicated. The ability to interpret the emotional behaviours of others may mean reading their facial expressions, by the tone of voice or body language, not necessarily words (Edwards, Shipman, and Brown 2005). In addition, children who developed emotional development at a young age are more likely to settle well into school, work cooperatively, confidently and independently, and behave appropriately (Townley 2002). A child with poor social and emotional development is at risk of poor relationships with peers, academic problems (Horwath 2007). There is a difference between emotional neglect and emotional abuse. According to Iwaniec (1995) suggests that emotional neglect is non-deliberate where abuse is deliberate. Furthermore, parents or carers can emotionally neglect their children in a number of ways such as, inadequate attention to the childs needs, need for affection, and lack of emotional support (Iwaniec 1995). All children are individuals and may experience mental distress in different ways, such as the inability to cope with problems and feelings, low self-esteem and self-confidence, worsening school performance, and social withdrawal (Honeyman 2007). Emotional resilience is a valuable skill for all children. It is about being in control and believing in ones ability to work through setbacks and risk situations in a capable, effective manner. This capacity for resilience empowers the child to develop coping behaviours, to persist in the face of failure, to bounce back with confidence and a healthy self-esteem (Townley 2002). Children need a certain amount of resilience to be able to cope with the difficulties that occur as part of living and other strong emotions, in order to do this children develop a number of coping strategies (Landy 2002). For the first five years, children rely on their parents or caregivers to provide support in dealing with intense negative emotions and eventually learning to control or manage their emotions alone by using a range of emotional resilience or coping strategies (Landy 2002). Therefore, children need to understand how to regulate their emotions, recognize emotions in others, and handle relationships with others if they are to be well-adjusted, contented, positive, and resilient individuals (Townley 2002). They need to learn that all emotions are okay, and that they are entitled to their emotions (Cassidy et al 1992). However, it is also important children recognise that other individuals emotional needs can differ from their own (Horwath 2007). Another aspect to consi der is how the parents socialize with their children and display emotions. If the parent or caregivers display positive life skills rather than displaying anxiety or depression therefore the childs capacity to emotionally regulate would not be impaired (Landy 2002). Mental health affects all aspects of life how Mary forms relationships, interact with her peers and how she copes with the rough and tumble of life. A child who is ignored may seek other ways to draw attention, and the ability to cope may be hinder leading the child to have a strong tendency to use externalizing and maladaptive coping skills. Marys life is loaded with tension, negative moods, unpredictable parenting at this moment in time. In addition, the school have contacted both parents to discuss issues relating to Marys education and well-being however, her father is not interested and Mum claims to be busy with work. The expression both parents are portraying now about school is indicating to Mary that school is not important and she may be less likely to seek emotional support from teachers or her peers. On the other hand, up to now one may assume Mary has had a stable upbringing and with additional support and with protective factors in place may help her through the present crisis within the family. Legislations There are different legislations in place to protect children and young people in todays society. Such as, Protecting Children and Young People: Framework for Standards (Scottish Executive 2004), The Children (Scotland) Act 2004, and Sharing Information About Children at Risk of Abuse and Neglect: A Guide to Good Practice (Scottish Executive 2004). There are many more policies but advocates that all children have the right to be protected. According to CAMHS Standard, National Service Framework for Children, Young People, and Maternity Services (2004) suggests multi-agency services work in partnership to promote childrens mental health, provide early intervention, and meet the needs of the children that are identified with problems. It also goes on to say that, staff who are working with children and young people have sufficient knowledge, training and support to promote the psychological well-being of children, young people and their families and to identify indicators of difficulty . However, this seems not to be the case and according to Honeyman (2007), it is a much-neglected subject in child health. The Nursing and Midwifery Code (2002) states that this lack of knowledge in mental health may be seen as a barrier When making decisions about a child it is paramount, they are at the heart of the discussion in all considerations and decisions. Professionals throughout the planning and actions taken must demonstrate this (Edinburgh and Lothians Inter-agency Child Protection Procedures Section 2, 2007). Furthermore, working with a family where they may be issues of the child or development professionals must co-operate to enable proper assessment of the childs circumstances, provide any support needed, and take action to reduce the risk to the child. Sometimes this may require sharing information with other professionals. In addition, all professionals or agencys are required to keep confidential information given by parents and must not be shared without the persons permission (Edinburgh and Lothians Inter-agency Child Protection Procedures Section 2 2007). Getting it right for every child (2008) is a network of support to promote the well-being of every child or young person to get help at the right time. This network will also include the family or carers. This may involve other agencies to be involved and if this is the case a lead professional will be nominated and they will co-ordinate help, such as making sure the family, child or young person understands what is happening and to promote teamwork between the agencies and with the family, child or young person. The Getting it right for every child Practice Model consists of three elements, Eight Well-being Indicators, My World Triangle, and The Resilience Matrix. The Eight Well-being Indicators, this identifies all areas where a child or young person needs to progress in order to do well now and in the future. This enables professionals to structure information that may highlight areas of concerns and needs and to structure planning (Getting it Right for Every Child, Section 4, 2008). My World Triangle introduces a mental map, which enables the professionals to understand the whole world of the child or young person. In relation to Mary, using My World Triangle can be used at every stage to think about Marys world. Information may be used from other sources, possibly school, to identify the strengths and pressures in Marys life. This will not only identify the negatives but also the positives as well. My World Triangle looks at the whole child, physical, social, educational, emotional, spiritual, and psychological development (Getting it Right for Every Child, Section 4, 2008). Using My World Triangle, the professionals can consider systematically how Mary is growing and developing, what Mary needs from the people around her, and the impact on Mary in the wider community, family, and friends. To conclude the professionals may use The Resilience Matrix. The Resilience Matrix can be used in a single or multi-agency environment. This allows the professionals to gather the information on Mary, from My World Triangle and other sources and plot it on a blank matrix so that the balance between vulnerability and resilience, and adversity and protective factors can be weighed. The City of Edinburgh Council, Guidelines for Pupil Support Groups (2004) are committed in working in partnership with the parents, Social Work, Education and others to provide integrated support to children or young people and their families. Mary is in Primary one at school and the teachers and staff are in a good position to observe Mary in her education, socialising with her peers and her general well-being. Conclusion Many researchers have highlighted that vulnerability and resilience are difficult to define. Through my research for this assignment, I have been introduced to a number of concepts in relation to vulnerability, resilience, and mental health in relating to a young person or child. It is the job of any paediatric nurse not to diagnose but be able to recognised symptoms of children with mental distress in order to refer them to the appropriate professional or agency. In addition, how important it is for the nurse to understand the age and stage of development the child goes through. Prolonged emotional neglect or any type of abuse may be harmful to the child. It has been highlighted through research that it may affect the childs all round development and the presence of protective factors may explain why some children are resilient and why others are not. Resilience can be enhanced through extensive and appropriate practical and emotional support, intervention, and life chances. In orde r to enhance resilience professionals must establish the vulnerabilities and protective factors that exist for the child them consider the course of action to take to enhance resilience. .

Does Birth Order Have an Effect on Intelligence

In 1874 Francis Galton reported that firstborn children were overrepresented as high achievers in various scientific fields. There were flaws in Galton's methodology, for instance, he did not count female children in his results. Male subjects were counted as a first born even if they were the tenth child, but the nine older siblings were female (Esping, 2003). However, Galton’s conclusion that birth order correlates with intelligence and academic attainment remains popular. Even in the last decade, other researchers, in both Europe and North America, have confirmed and reasserted Galton’s conclusion. What studies have demonstrated that birth order influences intelligence and/or achievement? Research by Christensen and Bjerkedal concluded that birth order has a small impact on educational attainment (Christensen & Bjerkedal, 2010). That conclusion has also been reported by other related studies. Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) show that birth order has an effect on educational attainment and intelligence (Retherford & Sewell, 1991 and Rodgers, Cleveland, van den Oord & Rowe, 2000). Also, earlier research on Norwegian male military conscripts also demonstrated that birth order impacts on intelligence (Bjerkedal et al., 2007). The confluence model theorizes that first born children are raised in an adult oriented, highly intellectual environment. Also, when first born children interact with their younger they adopt the role of teacher. This is known as the tutor effect (Zajonc& Sullaway ,2007). Are studies that support birth order effect on intelligence and/educational attainment flawed? Wichman, Rodgers and MacCallum suggest a critical flaw in previous research that supports that birth order has an effect on intelligence and/or educational attainment They suggest that in larger families the first born is equally intelligent as the fourth-born child, but they are not as intelligent as children from a smaller family (Wichman et al,2006). The studies that demonstrate a link between educational attainment and/or intelligence and birth order have been criticized by other researchers. However, according to the confluence model it is only as children with younger siblings approach adulthood that they finally achieve maximum benefit from teaching their younger siblings, as it typically increases their efforts to do well scholastically (Zanjonc & Sulloway, 2007). What factors other than birth order influence intelligence and or achievement? Wichman, Rodgers and MacCallum argue that the findings were a result of differences between families, not within families. They suggest that the younger a mother is at the birth of her first child will result in lower intelligence scores within the family. Younger mothers tend to be less educated, have more children and lower income. When researchers controlled for mother’s age at first birth, the effect on birth order on intelligence was nearly eliminated. In their opinion birth order appears to have an effect on intelligence, but that’s only because larger families don’t have the advantages of smaller families. Family environment and genetic influences are the most important factors and they may override birth order (Wichman et al., 2006).

Hamlet/Ophelia Relationship Essay

Hamlet and Ophelia have a relationship that is quite significant to Hamlet as a whole. Their relationship in the past has been filled with many sexual endeavors but once the play starts, it begins its downfall, affecting multiple characters down the line. Throughout the play, the relationship indirectly causes obsession, death, insanity, and the drive for vengeance. Ophelia’s love for Hamlet is mentioned very early in the play when she is with her brother, Laertes, and her father, Polonius. The brother warns her to be careful since Hamlet’s motive to be with her are not out of love, but is â€Å"a violet in the youth of primy nature, forward, not permanent, sweet, not lasting, the perfume and suppliance of a minute,† meaning that the relationship is merely a stage of youthful lust and will not last forever (1.2 8-10). Unlike Laertes, Polonius demands that she must stop dating Hamlet at once. He cares about his own reputation more than the emotions of his daughter, and he also wants to have the most power over her. If she and Hamlet were to wed, he would lose the power he has over her, which is unacceptable in his eyes. After Ophelia obeys her father, Hamlet appears at her room in a complete mess. The state that he is in frightens her, and mentions what happens to her father. Polonius assumes that Ophelia’s rejection has driven Hamlet insane. This is the beginning of Polonius obsession to discover if Hamlet is really insane due to his daughters rejection, or if it due to a different cause. The obsession that Polonius continues to have for the discover of the source of Hamlet’s insanity drives him to his death, which further induces Ophelia’s drowning. Being extremely nosy, he once again hides to eavesdrop on Hamlet’s conversation, this time with Hamlet’s mother in the queen’s chamber. After Gertrude feels threatened by Hamlet’s aggression and screams, Polonius makes a sound behind the curtain, in turn shocking Hamlet. Then Hamlet yells, â€Å"How now, a rat? Dead for ducat, dead† and stabs Polonius through the curtains, killing him (3.4 29). Polonius just had to force Ophelia to reject Hamlet. His obsession with their relationship causes his own death. His death is well deserved. Unfortunately, his death drives Ophelia insane. She loses the love of her life, her brother is far away in Paris so she has no one to go to anymore, and now her father perishes. Being driven over the edge, she does not notice that falls into a large pool of water, and before long, â€Å"her garments, heavy with their drink, pulled the poor wretch from her melodious lay to muddy death† (4.7 206-208). The significance of Ophelia and Hamlet’s relationship is all tied together by Laertes’s mark for vengeance. Act V i. is the first scene since Polonius’s death that the two characters are in each other’s presence. Overcome with grief, Hamlet cries, † I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love make up my sum† (5.1.270-72). When he sees Laertes in the grave, he becomes jealous and angry, so they wrestle. Laertes was not prepared to kill Hamlet there and then, but it is hinted that he will do so in the next scene. Hamlet’s relationship may indirectly lead up to his death. Hamlet’s and Ophelia’s feelings for each other stay strong throughout the whole play, even though they may be clouded. Their love is still strong when Ophelia rejects him and when he basically calls her a whore, they just couldn’t show it. The play was strongly influenced by their relationship since it affected so many characters. It may even end the life of dear Hamlet.

There are many different type of birth controls, so I did...

There are many different type of birth controls, so I did a survey in Woodcrest on the cost and effectiveness of each type of birth control method. First I started off with the withdrawal method the cost is free it isn’t very effective you don’t need a doctor’s prescription or an age limit. As a nurse I would teach this patient to use another type of contraceptive. There is no medical condition that prohibits the use of this method. The Precaution and contraindication is the risk of pregnancy doesn’t protect you against STI’s. Detriments to effective use is used for those are opposed to birth control due to religion. Fertility awareness (Rhythm Method) cost is free. Effectiveness is not very reliable. You don’t need a doctor’s†¦show more content†¦There are no medical conditions that prohibits the use of this method. Some precaution and contraindication are latex allergy, condoms breaking causing an unwanted pregnancy. Spermicide cost is $8.00 it is not very effective unless used correctly. You don’t need a doctor’s prescription and there is no age limit. As a nurse I would teach the patient that one or both partner may get a minor allergic reaction if so try a different brand name. There are no medical conditions that prohibit the use of this method. Some precaution and contraindication are when used with a female or male condom spermicide is more effective it doesn’t protect you from STI’s. Female condoms cost is $6.79 for a count of 3 it is very effective is used correctly. You don’t needs a doctor’s prescription and there is no age limit. As a nurse I would teach the patient that it protects you from STI’s instruct them to insert the condom by using the closed end ring and secure it to the cervix and wrap the open end of the ring to the labia do not use with male condom. Use a water or oil base lubricant to decrease the noise during intercourse. There are no medical conditions that prohibits the use of this method. Some precaution and contraindication are condom is less likely to stay in place, may break and cause an unwanted pregnancy, use only water base lubricant to prevent the condom from breaking. Plan B (Morning- After Pill) cost is $36.00 to $65.00 its effectiveness is 89%you don’t need a doctor’s

The parallel between “Cathedral” and “AP” - 1892 Words

The parallel between â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† Raymond Carver with â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† by John Updike are both short stories, even if in facts they are written during the same century, readers can interpret the changes that occurred to be really different. They both introduce characters that are being victim of stereotype by the protagonists, but somehow these characters made a great change into the protagonists’ view of the world and life itself. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantity of people involve in each story which might be important to understand how changes occur. The audience can understand after analyzing these two stories that change is always possible and based on your action, a lesson is always to be learned the†¦show more content†¦But in â€Å"AP† Sammy’s stereotype toward the girls does not seem to change yet. The husband in â€Å"Cathedral† who’s being having a hard time making any type of connection with people, looks like he alrea dy changing as he engaged more and more with the blind man. As the husband, his wife and the blind man sat down to talk, the husband hearing them talk about the past and what had happened during the past ten years, â€Å"jealousy† kind of got into the room as the husband is paying attention to their conversation, expecting his wife to mention his name, â€Å"I wanted in vain to hear my name on my wife’s sweet lips† â€Å"And then my dear husband came into my life†- something like that. But I heard nothing of the sort† (Raymond Carver 77), and this was not the first sign of jealousy expressed in the story â€Å"Shed worked with this blind man all summer. She read stuff to him, case studies†¦ Theyd become good friends my wife and the blind man. How do I know these things? She told me. And she told me something else. On her last day in the office, the blind man asked if he could touch her face. She agreed to this. She told me he ran his fingers over every part of her face, her nose--even her neck! She never forgot it†¦ usually after something really important happened to her† (Raymond Carver 77). Clearly he is jealous, and so emphasizes the eroticism of the blind mans touch.Show MoreRelatedA Comparison Of The Great Mosque Of Cordoba And Cathedral Of Santa Maria1249 Words   |  5 Pages A COMPARISON OF THE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA AND CATHEDRAL OF SANTA MARIA, LEON Yvette Cordova ARTH 306: Medieval Art March 10, 2015  The Great Mosque of Cordoba is an Islamic house of worship in Spain. The facade of the building is boxlike, grey and has a rectangular plan. The roof is a series of triangular shaped rows parallel throughout the space, except for the center of the building, which has what appears to be a second story that goes up twice as high as the triangularRead MoreRaymond Carver with Cathedral and John Updike with AP979 Words   |  4 PagesRaymond Carver with â€Å"Cathedral† and John Updike with â€Å"AP† â€Å"Cathedral† and AP both short stories written during the same century. But even though they both introduce stereotypical characters that somehow change their view of the world, they have many more different aspects. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantity of people involve in each story. The story â€Å"Cathedral† only took place in a family house with only the husband, wife who can be qualified as a static character tried to killRead MoreCritique of The Raising of the Cross Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Raising of the Cross is one in a series of paintings based on the crucifixion of Christ by Peter Paul Rubens. This piece was painted between 1609 and 1610 with oil on canvas in life size with the centerpiece of the triptych measuring 15’2† by 11’2†. It is now displayed in the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, Belgium (Dunton, 164). Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish artist that painted in Baroque style, his paintings were mostly of religious and mythical origin and his skill in such has beenRead MoreSymbolism and Religious Drama: T.S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral2754 Words   |  12 PagesMurder in the Cathedral By T. S. Eliot In 1163, a quarrel began between the British King Henry II and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket. The men had been good friends, but each felt that his interests should be of primary concern to the nation and that the other should acquiesce to his demands. Becket fled to France in 1164 in order to rally support from the Catholic French for his cause and also sought an audience with the Pope. After being officially (although not personally) reconciledRead More The Impact of Department Stores Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesBoucicaut concept was to lower the price mark-up on products, thereby exchanging a high profit margin for a rapid turnover of goods. Boucicaut popularized the idea of fixed prices; he charged the same amount for every customer and prohibited haggling between shoppers and staff. He also established the first returns policy, allowing unsatisfied customers to exchange merchandise or get their money back. Finally, he abandoned the moral obligation of entrants to purchase goods. Boucicaut encouraged retailRead MoreGears3938 Words   |  16 PagesRESEARCH PAPER Submitted To: Miss Analyn P. Apsay, MAEd Instructor Submitted By: Jojie B. Gallo BSME3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Outline 1. Introduction (Gear terminologies, definitions and identifying the parts) (Identifying the types of gears) (Gear applications or uses) 2. Body (History of gears) (Gear calculations or formula) (Materials for manufacturing gears) 3. Conclusion (Advantages of gears in the industry) (Advantages of gears compareRead MoreCritical Comparison of Sonia from from Crime and Punishment, and Gretchen from Faust2050 Words   |  9 PagesPunishment (C amp; P) and Margaret (Gretchen) from Goethe’s Faust are the leading female characters in the works they are portrayed in. Aside from this obvious connection, Sonia and Gretchen have a variety of characteristics in common. Both girls are portrayed in ways that serve as representations of innocence, purity, and faithfulness. Parallels can also be seen in Sonia and Gretchen’s love for Raskolnikov and Faust, respectively, and the way their relationships develop. Similarities between the two charactersRead MoreImpressionism vs Post - impressionism1880 Words   |  8 Pagesin the paintings of Degas, but their rehearsal time (Rewald, 1973). They are actively used approach to nature prompted Japanese prints - an instantaneous image of the same object - Claude Monet wrote a series of haystacks, poplars, facade of the cathedral. And to complete the series he even had to pay for the poplars not to be cut down. He succeeded in reach and conveying the necessary sense, while working on a specially equipped boat. Striving to achieve the forces of natural impressions made ​​ImpressionistsRead More The Role of Connecting Unrelated Events in Developing Intelligence2420 Words   |  10 Pagesconnections between unrelated events as a basis for intelligence. The ability to apply this extended information as a problem-solving technique instantiates the true nature of intelligence. Therefore, it is obvious the field of artificial intelligence should use the same approach. The way these connections are made and the occasional necessity for their modification is discussed. Examples are given showing the use of connections between linguistics and sociocultural systems studies and between engineeringRead MoreFederation Square2366 Words   |  10 Pagesvital that the scope be defined, validated and controlled as best as possible within the planning phase of the project. Federation Square required the overall task to be broken down into smaller components to greatly improve cohesion. PMBOK Guide (2013, p.125) states, subdividing project deliverables and project work into smaller, more manageable components, provides a structured vision of what has to be delivered. With this process in place there would have been enhanced visibility toward potential challenges

Death and Dying - 2054 Words

Countless human beings build bonds with other individuals throughout their lifetime. Once the bonds are broken as a result of death and dying, majority of the human beings will go through a period of mourning. There are multiple aspects that can contribute to the way an individual mourns the death of loved ones, however, gender plays a leading role in the human being’s reaction. I am going to show this by examining the natural stimuli, historic stimuli and social stimuli. In my opinion I feel that the way in which human beings mourn is most times unique to that individual and should not be compared to anyone else’s. In view of that, no human being should be judged by another individual’s personal experiences (Kahane 49). Many†¦show more content†¦There have been recent findings from studies that have been carried out regarding the MRI scans of males versus females. The scans have provided information showing that multiple males have less neural connector s between the two hemispheres of the brain which indicate that males have a higher chance of struggling with vocally conveying their emotions. On the other hand, scans that have been taken of females show that numerous females have a larger number of connectors between the two hemispheres of the brain which indicated that females are less likely to struggle with the vocal conveying of their emotions. The dissimilarities in the male and female brain structure show that males in general discover and converse about their emotions through reasoning. While, females in general will require some form of communication with others regarding their emotions. After examining the gender’s brain structure and forming a perspective on how they both deal with emotions it is evident that males and female’s brains speak different languages (Kahane 49). The communication styles of males versus females are not similar and can sometimes be misunderstood by the opposite gender. Males are misjudged for having heartless and solitude communication styles, whereas, females are often misjudged for having over-the-top andShow MoreRelatedDeath And Dying, Death, And Death745 Words   |  3 Pagesimpossible to be sure of any thing but Death and Taxes.†(Shapiro, 2008) Prior to Elisabeth Kà ¼bler-Ross’ bestseller novel On Death and Dying, death was to be done alone. Death was a taboo subject for society. Death is the end result of many different factors effecting the body in a way it (the body) can’t handle it any longer. Speaking in a medical light, there are two types of death, clinical and biological. â€Å"When a patient’s breathing and heartbeat stop, clinical death occurs. This condition may be reversibleRead MoreDeath and Dying2681 Words   |  11 PagesThe Stages of Dying and of Losing a Loved One Usually, a person (or their loved ones) will go through all or some of the following stages of feelings and emotions. The dying person’s stages can often be more predictable than the stages experienced by a loved one who has just suffered a loss. 1. Denial †¢ The dying person being able to drop denial gradually, and being able to use less radical defences, depends on: - how he/she is told about his/her status; - how much time he/she has to acknowledgeRead More death or dying Essays697 Words   |  3 Pages Photographs of Death or Dying; Are They Necessary It has been said that, it would be a good thing if newspapers published more photographs of death and dying. There are many reasons why people say that photographs of dead and or dying people should or should not be published by newspapers. For example, some people say that pictures of people dying should be published in newspapers because death is a huge part of life. While members of the opposition state that death should remain private, and itRead MoreThe Fear Of Death And Dying993 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most common fears is thanatophobia, the fear of death and dying. Perhaps that’s because the want to live is a natural instinct that controls human behavior; the fear of death is ancient and primal, permanently wired into our genetic programming. Scientists are experimenting with biotechnology more and more these days – many people hope to, one day, be able to live forever and avoid death completely. In fact, humanity has researched the concept of immortalit y quite thoroughly, albeit notRead MoreEuthanasi Death And Dying915 Words   |  4 PagesDeath and dying is inevitable. At some point every living person, thing, or creature will meet the last day of life due to regular or unusual circumstances, but now ethically the topic of death has changed by the introduction of euthanasia. According to The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, euthanasia is the act of putting a person to death painlessly, or allowing a person to die by withholding medical treatment in cases of incurable and usually painful disease.1 Otherwise in a moreRead MoreDeath And Dying : The Death Of A Dead2034 Words   |  9 PagesFor humans, experiencing the death of a loved one can be very difficult to overcome. The study of death and dying definitely provokes emotions that can alter individual’s lives. Many studies have made discoveries concerning death and its connection to emotional stimuli. However, in a collaborative effort to associate the occ urrence of death to emotions, we in turn centered our study on the five stages of the grieving process and its association to the culmination of the human lifespan developmentRead MoreDeath Is The Act Of Dying973 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is the act of dying; the end of life; the total and permanent cessation of all the vital functions of an organism. It is the inevitable and unavoidable conclusion to death. We don’t know when or how we will die, but we know it will happen at some point in time, and we have to be ready to face and accept it. Death is a word that within, holds great emotions, everlasting memories, and the harsh factor of inevitability. It was summer, and Jack was visiting his grandpa. When he got there, he foundRead MoreDeath and Dying Essays1112 Words   |  5 PagesOn Death and Dying By Elisabeth Kubler-Ross For my book review, I read On Death and Dying, by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. Dr. Kubler-Ross was the first person in her field to discuss the topic of death. Before 1969, death was considered a taboo. On Death and Dying is one of the most important psychological studies of the late twentieth century. The work grew out of her famous interdisciplinary seminar on death, life, and transition. In this paper, I give a comprehensive book review as well as integrateRead MoreAging, Death, And Dying1746 Words   |  7 PagesThe goal of a research paper is to obtain different views and facts about a certain topic. Aging, death, and dying is an extremely broad topic with ample of books, movies, pieces of art, and even television shows. Edgar Allan Poe s For Annie happens to be one piece that relates to the topic of aging, death, and dying. An analysis opens up the background of Edgar Allan Poe, the meaning of the piece as a whole, and the different views of the piece. Edgar Allan Poe was born January 19, 1809 in BostonRead MoreThe Theory Of Death And Dying2181 Words   |  9 Pagesconcept of death for decades to try and â€Å"learn how to die.† There are many different approaches one could take to analyze the ideal of learning to die, and it requires a multifaceted approach. Although the concept of dying will be individualized and subjective, there are several themes that we see evident in post modernized views of death and dying. After studying Plato (2002) and Dastur (2012), we can gain a better understanding of how postmodernity has affected the philosophical view of death, dying

Tourism Systems Assignment of Clipper Bay-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Tourism Systems of Clipper Bay. Answer: Introduction Tourism planning and development is the vital process of setting up of a goal, selecting different methods and course of actions to attain those goals, implementing those methods and assess the choice of methods to find out if it turned out to be a success or not. Tourism is operated by owners of three categories- government, non- profit organization and private commercial enterprises (Cooper, 2013). This assignment consists of the tourism planning of Clipper Bay town. A proper planning can upgrade and improve tourism where it is necessary. Tourism planning looks after the social, political, economic, psychological, technological and anthropological factors. Planning for tourism is important as it pays attention to every single factor (Telfer Sharpley, 2015). The Clipper Bay area has a population of five thousand and they are living there from three generations. They have a potential for financial growth because of their means of livelihood which are fishing and a rich heritage and culture which are being maintained by the native people of the area. Budgets of approximate $50 million need to be used for sustainable development plans which have viability and power to upgrade the community by giving opportunities to the rising population. Tourism industry takes care of the needs, wants and comfort of the travelers, their comfort and luxury is what gets the prime importance. Overcrowding, pollution, traffic congestion are the negative physical impact s of tourism. Human impacts include losing cultural identities, disliking the tourists by local people and unawareness about the benefits of tourism. The market is affected by tourism as a result of insufficient capitalization, decreased market share and insufficient cooperative advertising among the operators (Lee, 2013). Stakeholders In tourism, the stakeholders are national and local governments, tourism enterprises, employees and training centers of tourism, travelers including business travelers and normal tourists, local people of the destination area and other people of tourism industry (Imran, Alam Beaumont, 2014). The main element in tourism planning is to encourage the participation of local people which is required for sustenance of the tourism industry. It is seen that the local communities show interest in tourism planning when the policies created meet their needs and concerns. They also want to engage themselves to ensure that their demands are satisfied. The stakeholders are referred to as the suppliers and industries, intermediaries of marketing and facilitators, public and local members, and international customers. Suppliers supply the products and services in order to meet the tourists needs. They play an important role to satisfy the demands of the customers. The marketing intermediaries consist of tourism firms, meeting planners and facilitators who help in the smooth ongoing of the tourism industry (Roy, Hall Ballantine, 2017). The stakeholders of a tourism industry consist of public and private sector, people of the local community and tourists. Public sector determines the sch eme and strategy for setting up of a standard facility and services. Private sector looks after the improvement in space, products and activities along with the profit of the company. The people of the local community provide the suitable hospitality to the tourists in order to build an image of the destination. Their culture and behavior also matters in satisfying the travelers. Taking help from the stakeholders indicates the utilization of support from the community and promotion of sustainable development vision in the area (Roy, Hall Ballantine, 2017). Examining the levels and impact of tourism in the community and implementation of sustainable development plan for tourism is important part of community organization. It is important to look after the rules, regulations, guidelines and practices for sustainable development of Tourist Company. Accepting tourism as one of the parameters of sustainable development plan is done by the host community. The responsibility of the tourists is to accept and observe the terms and conditions of the local community sustainable development plan for tourism (Chon Weber, 2014). Being the Chief Planner of Clipper Bay, the following points will be included in my plan of developing the economy of the town. CBA is the tool to analyze the benefits and cost of a decision regarding investment. Economic impact Through word of mouth or through the tourism board, tourists will visit clipper bay which will result in development of the place. The local community will also get encouraged to build more attractions and activities for pulling the tourists. Although tourism industry affects the economy of a place to a great deal, but it benefits the destination area as well as the native countries of the tourists (Wee, 2013). Tourism industry motivates a developing country to develop itself and improve financially which has both positive and negative impacts. It is sometimes seen that the already developed countries make better profits in tourism than the developing ones. When it is time for development of the growing nations, their loss is posing a threat to their development. One reason for this can be the transfer of tourism revenues from the host country and not using the local products. A large amount of income gained can leave through wages paid outside the area and purchasing of imports whic h is known as leakage. When travelers take a cruise journey where most of the facilities are offered in the ship itself, there is not much left for the local community people to provide the tourists. Developing tourism can be heavy on the local government and the taxpayers. Increase in building costs and land values also make it difficult for the local people to meet their daily basic necessity (Webster Ivanov, 2014). There is only a bleak chance for growth or promotion. The jobs do not give any extra benefits like pension, sick pay or health care. The money earned can be used more effectively for the benefit of the country rather than being directed to tourist areas. The local people who do not live in tourist areas suffer a lot. If a tourism industry in a developing town like clipper bay is owned by a foreign company, then the local business profit is very low, which is referred to as economic leakage. This is because the major profit is earned by the owner of the company. Sometimes the balance is not maintained in case of employment and profession. If the tourism industry becomes really successful, then other industries get hampered. This will make the people depend only on the tourism industry which will lead to a disaster in the off season (Yang Fik, 2014). The profit from the tourism industry also helps in generating income to be used in other sectors. This growth can invite foreign visitors and thus earn a certain amount of foreign exchange. Tax levied on tourism employment and tourism business generates direct contribution (Chon Weber, 2014). Indirect contribution is generated from tax and duties on goods and services that are provided to the tourists. A significant growth in the tourism industry has provided employment opportunities. Tourism can provide jobs in hotels, restaurants, selling souvenirs, supply of goods and services. The local government can be persuaded to make better infrastructure due to growth in the tourism industry. An improved water and sewage system, telephone connections, public transport will attract more tourists in clipper bay and will be beneficial for the local people too. This will help both the host community as well as the visitors. A better destination will provide better facility to the tourists whic h will make the life better for the local community people. Environment is a major component for the tourism industry so the revenues are used for measuring the economic worth of the protected areas. Profit is also gained indirectly through street vendors, hawkers, route guides, rickshaw pullers and auto drivers (Kim, Uysal Sirgy, 2013). Infrastructure Tourism is such an important factor of economy that its development affects the growth and progress of national economy. Infrastructure can be considered as a physical element of tourism that is designed and established as per the demand of the travelers. Infrastructure includes facilities, equipment, resources and systems that are necessary for smooth functioning of a tourist destination such as clipper bay (McKercher Koh, 2017). Some infrastructures that can be mentioned are roads, airports, railways, and other transport which makes the destination accessible for the tourists. Other factors included in infrastructure are healthcare systems, hotels, restaurants, sports facilities and public services. Tourism infrastructure is important because it increases the growth and development of tourism services, or sometimes increases the supply of tourism services and an advanced transport system makes the place easily accessible. The transport infrastructure should be well developed so th at the tourists can reach safely and comfortably to the destination. Tourists enhance the efficiency of human resources at a place as they search for certain requirements which make their stay at the destination convenient (Kim, Uysal Sirgy, 2013). The basic infrastructure which is being looked out for by the tourists is supply of water, communication, electricity and disposal of waste materials. The provision for public security, transportation, medicines, fiscal systems and literacy and other such services is known as infrastructure. Tourism infrastructure is unique in case of a long running of tourism and its progress in providing the required services to the tourists (Das Chatterjee, 2017). Figure: Management Competency Source: (Ruhanen, 2013) Tourism infrastructure is a major part of tourism supply chain. To highlight the building of this base, many nations are involved to attain a better tourism result so that it can bear a remarkable impact on the economic development. A healthy relationship should be maintained between infrastructure, tourism and the local economy. It is seen that public, private and state, all are equally accountable for the standard of infrastructure. To plan sustainable development of this infrastructure requires an overall progress and prosperity of the tourism facilities (Saufi, O'Brien Wilkins, 2014). Economic advantage and disadvantage Clipper bay is located at the foothills which is easily accessible by the travelers (Ma Hassink, 2013). A beautiful beach within the city is an added advantage for the tourists. There are also a cluster of limestone caves along the beach which is a major attraction. So clipper bay is all set with beautiful scenery which makes it the perfect tourist destination. The town has a small population that means more area is available for building hotels and restaurants for tourists. More the number of tourists in a place better the growth in tourism industry. Development of tourism industry means a potential advantage on the economic growth of the town clipper bay. Moreover the families in clipper bay are living there for multiple generations which mean they are well acquainted with their culture. Mostly the people there are involved in the profession of fishing. They are engaged in this profession generation after generation which results in the availability of tasty seafood. Tourists can get attracted to clipper bay for the seafood also (Rahardjo, 2015). The employment opportunity during tourist season earns extra incentive for the local people. Socio- cultural advantage and disadvantage Socio- cultural changes refer to the change in a persons daily life and experience, to their values, intellectual and creative products. Tourism can turn local cultures into product when the local rites and rituals turn into an amusement commodity for satisfying the tourists. Human values of a destination start changing when the place is sold for tourism. The sacred sites and rituals might be mocked of by the tourists and they might not value or respect the native ethnicity of the place. Selling of souvenirs, arts, crafts and other such products have brought a drastic change in clipper bay. The change did not come in a good way because the original products lose their identity and authenticity by changing the design to satisfy the customers choice. To keep up with the expectation of the tourists well- known fast food joints, restaurants and hotel chains are to be built in unfamiliar environment (Stylidis et al., 2014). The female population is involved in weaving. Every summer, this town marks the beginning of fishing season by hosting a festival which involves a week- long feast. The entry of tourists in a community gives employment to the local community. This is a privilege for a small town like clipper bay. Their efficiency in fishing, making seafood and weaving can earn them extra income. They can use this efficiency by selling products to the tourists in exchange of money. The money that is earned from tourism is spent on the local economy. Through multiplier effect, more the tourist exchange earned, more is the benefit for the local economy (Dredge Jamal, 2015). The commercialization of a tourist destination is undermined by the culture of that place. Since clipper bay has a rich cultural heritage, it will get reduced to wearing costumes and doing acts for the visitors to earn money from them. Even though tourism provides opportunity for employment but those are not of good standard. The jo bs mainly include working at the bar, hotels or restaurants. On the other hand, tourism brings people of different region closer to each other. This increases communal harmony and mutual understanding. This in turn reduces tension and contributes to world peace. Tourism adds to the vitality of the communities (Sigala, 2014). For example, in clipper bay the festival of welcoming the fishing season gets refreshed and re- energized in the presence of the foreign tourists. Tourism upgrades infrastructure, health and transport, new sport and recreational facilities. It also boosts the exchange of history and culture contributing to conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. Environmental advantage and disadvantage Tourism has a great impact on the natural as well as man- made environment. Both tourism and environment share a complex relationship among themselves because tourism has many such activities that can adverse impact on the environment. Construction of new infrastructure like roads, buildings and hotels can destruct the natural habitats. Pollution is caused due to smoking and use of plastic bag, which causes environmental hazards. Cutting of trees or deforestation to get more space for tourists should be avoided as it creates ecological imbalance. The changes in the environment, pollution and dirt disrupt the scenic beauty of the landscape of clipper bay. Tourism should take proper care of the environment, because if the natural and human- made beauties are lost, clipper bay will lose its visitors (Holden, 2016). Environmental protection and conservation is what it gets as a benefit from tourism. Through tourism, awareness is raised about environmental values. The money earned from tourism contributes to the protection of natural areas and increase their importance economically. The initiative to move towards eco- tourism holds a chance to improve the quality of environment. Efficient use of natural resources and implementing the practice of recycling and reusing proves to be very fruitful for the environment (Chon Weber, 2014). Conclusion The key lessons learned from this essay highlight the social, economical and environmental impact of tourism on the town Clipper bay. The city has a major profession of fishing which delivers delicious seafood to the tourists. The scenic beauty of the town and a major accessibility tends to be advantageous for the tourists. But the disadvantage includes offering low- paying jobs to the local people where there is no growth and promotion. The native culture of the town is getting ruined because of the designing of the souvenirs according to the tourists choice. References Chon, K. S., Weber, K. (2014).Convention tourism: International research and industry perspectives. Routledge. Cooper, C. (2013).Essentials of tourism. Pearson Higher Ed. Das, S. K., Chatterjee, T. (2017). Infrastructure and Tourism Development: A Panel Data Analysis. InHandbook of Research on Economic, Financial, and Industrial Impacts on Infrastructure Development(pp. 224-237). IGI Global. Dredge, D., Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production.Tourism Management,51, 285-297. Holden, A. (2016).Environment and tourism. Routledge. Imran, S., Alam, K., Beaumont, N. (2014). Environmental orientations and environmental behaviour: Perceptions of protected area tourism stakeholders.Tourism management,40, 290-299. Kim, K., Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents?.Tourism Management,36, 527-540. Lee, T. H. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development.Tourism management,34, 37-46. Ma, M., Hassink, R. (2013). An evolutionary perspective on tourism area development.Annals of Tourism Research,41, 89-109. Michopoulou, E., Buhalis, D. (2014). Usability requirements for accessible tourism systems.e-Review of Tourism Research (e-RTR). Rahardjo, S. (2015). My Assignment in Singapore. InThe Little Red Dot: Reflections of Foreign Ambassadors on Singapore(pp. 115-118).. Roy, H., Hall, C. M., Ballantine, P. W. (2017). Trust in local food networks: The role of trust among tourism stakeholders and their impacts in purchasing decisions.Journal of Destination Marketing Management. Ruhanen, L. (2013). Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development?.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(1), 80-98. Saufi, A., O'Brien, D., Wilkins, H. (2014). Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(5), 801-820. Sigala, M. (2014). Customer involvement in sustainable supply chain management: A research framework and implications in tourism.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,55(1), 76-88. Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J., Szivas, E. M. (2014). Residents' support for tourism development: The role of residents' place image and perceived tourism impacts.Tourism Management,45, 260-274. Telfer, D. J., Sharpley, R. (2015).Tourism and development in the developing world. Routledge. Webster, C., Ivanov, S. (2014). Transforming competitiveness into economic benefits: Does tourism stimulate economic growth in more competitive destinations?.Tourism Management,40, 137-140. Wee, L. (2013). Language policy in Singapore: Singlish, national development and globalization.English and development, 204-219.McKercher, B., Koh, E. (2017). Do attractions attract tourists? The case of Singapore.International Journal of Tourism Research. Yang, Y., Fik, T. (2014). Spatial effects in regional tourism growth.Annals of Tourism Research,46, 144-162.