Learning and Development is a Luxury that Organisations Can Afford Essay

Learning and Development is a Luxury that Organisations Can Afford only in Financially Prosperous Times - Essay Example Employers and employees both gain benefit from learning and development. From the viewpoint of employer, learning and development are significant to preserve or develop the knowledge, the abilities and the performances so that they can fulfil the business objectives. From the viewpoint of employees, learning and development help to accomplish performance goals in a successful way. They also deliver an outline to recognise new abilities and knowledge and apply them in the practical work environment. As a result, learning and development can also motivate the employees (ACCA, 2010). One of the most significant assets for every organisation is its employee force. In the modern business environment, knowledge, originality, and passion are crucial differentiators for any organisation or industry. Besides, when it comes to achievement and winning competition, advanced talents and proficiencies in the areas of mechanical, managerial or operational domain become necessary for organisations. Though abilities and knowledge are replaceable in the long-run, the cost of switching employees and providing required training to develop them is huge and it can impact on organisational performance (Mitchell, 2008). Investment in learning and development on a regular basis is significant to retain or ensure lesser employee turnover and inspire them to be involved more in the work and achieve the goals for the organisation. Organisations always require skilled employees who can perform efficiently their allocated tasks. In this rapidly changing business environment, it is extremely necessary to provide effective performance continuously. But the key conflict or constraint with respect to learning and development is the budget. Organisations that are smaller have less money to invest on learning and development. Yet, in present day’s even small organisations have more learning and developmental requirements. Contemporary business environment is different and it comprises of m any innovative technologies which were considered to be science fiction (sci-fi) few years ago. The globalisation is impacting the businesses structures and organisational cultures. New regulations are impacting the working practices, and employees have greater prospects from their companies and working lives. In the workplace, it is necessary for employees to adjust and to react with the fluctuations rapidly and without loss of efficiency. In other words, employees need to understand quickly new tasks, adjust with the new procedures, take additional responsibilities, grasp new technologies and obey the new legal necessities viz. health and security guidelines and data security among others (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). Learning should be constant with the aim to maintain pace with the business fluctuations. Learning and development cannot be conveyed except when there is growth requirement. Growth requirements arise when employees’ actual performances differ from the desired pe rformances. The central idea of learning is that every person possesses the ability to learn if they are provided with adequate time and support (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). Learning and development activities can be influenced by several aspects. Certain significant issues that impact on the learning and development are inadequate resources, traditional culture, embedded approach towards training, stress of

WORLDCOM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WORLDCOM - Essay Example (1995), and MFS Communications Company (1996). WorldCom also acquired the mother company of Digex – the Intermedia Communications and sold all of its intermedia’s non-Digex assets to Allegiance Telecom. Until 2003, WorldCom was considered a telecom giant and second largest long distance provider in the U.S. A one-time high flyer like WorldCom should be held legally, ethically and socially responsible for having entered into a lot of business contracts with its customers and suppliers. WorldCom should be responsible for its intensive mergers and failure to use the public funds (coming from public shareholders) carefully. It remains questionable for a huge company that has been consistently greedy in entering into mergers with other similar companies to suddenly file a bankruptcy last July 2002. As of 2005, WorldCom is still facing some court trials regarding this matter. It is the legal responsibility of WorldCom’s employers to ensure that the company directors operate within the society’s accepted laws and regulations. It is their legal responsibility to register and communicate with the shareholders and ensure them that dividends are paid on time. Top management should also monitor on the company’s financial statement. WorldCom is facing huge financial and legal problems. The company is considered to have defrauded its investors by overstating the company’s earnings up to nearly $10 billion wherein the top management of the WorldCom also gain some profits from their own criminal acts. WorldCom has to be held responsible for taking investors’ money in excess of $176 billion and causing WorldCom’s employees, the state pension funds and shareholders through the lost of jobs, worthless stocks, and losses of 401 (k) savings. 2 The act of overstating of the company’s earning is clearly a criminal act and it is punishable by law. One way or another, someone has to be held responsible for such unprofessional

Rap To Teach English As Second Language

Rap To Teach English As Second Language Introduction Music is part of popular culture. Language teachers have been integrated music and language learning in the classroom for many years. For example, using the song Yesterday from the Beatles to teach past tense. If music and songs can help learning English as a second language, English teachers in Hong Kong should be encouraged to use rap songs as a tool to teach English as a second language in the classroom. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, rap is a style of popular music developed by New York Blacks in the 1970s in which words are spoken rhythmically and often in rhyming sentences over an instrumental backing. In the early 1770s, Clive Campbell (Kool DJ Herc), a Jamaican immigrant, introduced the sound system from reggae music (Njubi, 2001). By combining the English sound system and other African-American linguistic features, rap has become a unique voice for the African Americans. When we talk about rap songs, we must mention hip-hop culture. Hip-hop is a cultural movement originated from the Bronx (a poor gang-oriented neighborhood) in New York City during the 1970s by African American. Njubi stated that hip-hop is clearly one of the most significant youth cultures as it has influenced what young people wear, how they talk and even the way they walk. It has also received significant attention from scholars and politicians. Hip-hop has been a major literacy force for over twenty years (Morris, 2002) because it has created rap as an important music genre. English teachers around the world are trying to use rap as an educational tool to promote English (Pennycook, 2003) because of its fast spoken lyrics. However, many teachers in Hong Kong are reluctant to use rap songs in the classroom because most of them think the lyrics either violent or sexual, and some think the materials are too black or Americanized (Low, 2009). In the following, we will discuss how rap songs can be an effective language learning tool to motivate students in learning English as well as increase their awareness of cultural differences. Why do we use rap songs for language teaching and learning? Music is accessible because of the technology such as iTunes and iPod. Since 1937, using folk, classical and pop music to teach English as a second language has been documented by educators in various professional journals (Sposet, 2008). Through music, students can improve their speaking skills, learning and understanding grammar, enhance their writing skills and increase their culture awareness (Peregoy and Boyle 2008; Saricoban and Metin 2000; Iwasaki, 2009). Woodall and Zeimbroski (2002) stated that music plays an important role in language and literacy development because students can learn grammatical structure and develop natural responses and speech through songs. According to Schoepp (2000), the repetitive nature of many rap songs can help English learners to get familiar with new words and phrases as they can rhyme and sing along. Many rap songs, just like folk songs, follow a repeated verse and rhyme, and that makes them easy to follow (Saricoban and Metin, 2000). For teenagers, it is important to improve their listening and speaking skills, as well as their attention span and memory (Hilll-Clarke and Robinson 2003). Mithen (2006) stated that all individuals have a capacity to acquire language and are born with a basic instinct to appreciate music. Iwasaki (2009) also agreed that music is a powerful medium to motivate students to learn a second or foreign language. When students listen to songs and sing along, the experience is enjoyable and stress-free, it can help second language learners to acquire the language more naturally and effectively. Perry (2004) also agreed with linguist Geneva Smitherman that rap lyrics are usually humorous, ironic, punning, teachy but not preachy. If according to Abbotts (2002) theory, repetition can help build language and fluency, then rap songs can definitely help stimulate second language learning because of its repetitive format. Also, by using the chorus in the rap songs, it can help students to learn syntax and lexical items easily and apply them in their daily conversations. Using music to enhance our memory and learning Mithen summed up three similarities between music and language : MUSIC LANGUAGE lyrics words singing speaking rhythm and melody intonation and stress time Lake (2002) found out language and music are closely tied together in the brain by pitch, rhythm and syntactical phrasing. When students understand the connections, they can acquire, process and produce English naturally. Neurologists have found musical and language processing in the same area of the brain (Maess Koelsch, 2001). To illustrate the strong connection between music and learning, Strickland (2005) conducted a very interesting and valid experiment. He asked a group of students if they could remember the words in ten poems. Then, he asked how many words they could remember in ten songs. Without much surprise, there were more hands go up the second time. It clearly proved that music has played a very important and memorable role in language learning. Medina (2002) agreed that we have good memory with music because all those repetitive words and rhythm stay in our head even after the English lesson. When we add rhythm and melody into language, it will help us to transfer words into long-term memory. Medina concluded that it is impossible to acquire language without memory. Using rap to teach poems and pronunciations According to Renegade (2002), the strongest poetic influence on rap is popular poems with four bears per line, for example, Eenie meenie, mynie moe, Catch a tiger by the toe. With all those rhyming, cross-rhyming, metaphor, symbolism and simile, rap can be a preferred literacy teaching tool to teach English as a second language. Renegade noticed rap lyrics are written according to highly structured rules. There are two forms of rap lyrics: Rhyme and rap song. A rhyme is a single long stanza, often a narrative and the writer can write as many as he / she wants, whereas a rap song borrows its structure from a popular song with repeating chorus in between. Renegade also observed that rappers have been using rap as a poetic tool because it has a strong emphasis on assonance, consonance, and combinations with end rhyme. Rappers like to use simile, metaphor, invention and reinvention of words to spark off new interest in poetry. In other words, using low culture to teach high culture. In 2002 and 2004, Low worked with a creative writing teacher to develop and teach spoken word poetry curriculum. The initial curriculum was only a seven-week program but in 2004, it became a long-term course. Low concluded the success of the program as a literacy of LIVING experience because students were able to use rap as a platform to speak inside and outside the classroom. Strickland also agreed that students are natural poets, and poetry is meant to be performed. Lake observed a strong connection between intonation and music. He noticed students interested in symbols and images, and that means they are more likely to be stimulated by audio or visual. He compared words, feeling, pitch and stress with musical expression. He concluded that speech without music is like language without heart because both music and language express emotions and convey messages. Through rap songs, students can learn pronunciation, intonation, stress, accent, pitch, tone, melody, rhyme, rhythm and fluency. Students who enjoy singing, chanting, lip syncing or mouthing along can improve their pronunciation skills and practice linking and reduction when speaking English Using rap to enhance reading and writing skills To be a good rapper, one must be able to use his / her voice to write, have good memory and reinvent rhymes spontaneously. Rap music encourages teenagers to write because it reflected the writers inner speech and images in their mind. For example, in Lows spoken word poetry school project, students in the class were able to write powerful and thoughtful poetry for the first time because they were inspired by rap. A lot of students in Hong Kong hate writing because expressing themselves in a second language is already difficult, and writing in a second language is even more challenging. Students need to have a reason to write, and that reason will become their motivation. Alvermann, Hagood and Williams (2001) shared a case of a 14-year-old Grade 8 / F. 2) African American boy who scored the lowest on the districts standardized reading test. The school boy loves rap, so Williams asked him to write to him about his favorite rap artist. The boy wanted to have more factual information about his favorite rap artist. Williams agreed to help the boy with his project, and he asked the boy to e-mail him regularly and keep him informed of his findings. The boy demonstrated that he was a capable reader because he searched for specific information through different websites, and he was a capable writer because he used popular culture texts in his writing. Instead of just giving information to the school boy, Williams guided him throughout the project and made him an independent learner, and enhance both of his reading and writing skills, not to mention giving him a higher self-esteem and more self-confidence. Iwasaki (2009) stated that rap songs have natural language and it can help students to process the meaning of words under an authentic environment. In Weinsteins (2008) study, she found many teenaged students have demonstrated sophisticated understanding of literary features through rap, for example, figurative language. Rap can help students, especially the social marginalized ones to write lyrics that can reflect social, economic and racial problems. Teenagers enjoy writing lyrics for rap because it is a channel for them to prove and establish their identity, an outlet for them to express their anger and frustrations about school, community, social norms, confusion and desire. Lake suggested that students are already heavily exposed to popular culture and music of their first language, it is likely that they are going to be curious about the popular culture and music of their second or foreign language as well. The purpose of writing for teenagers should not be just classroom based, it should be included a great variety and popular culture related topics. Despite worrying about low test scores, teenagers will be more willing and eager to try because when they see the purpose, they can produce quality work and invest their time in it. Through rap songs, teachers can further illustrate and explain grammatical structures to students. Based on Schoepps observation, songs can help students to develop a natural ability to use the target language in the right situation. When students are exposed to repetitive phrases in the right context, they can remember the language and apply it automatically. Using rap to help student to communicate with the world Iwasaki noticed that while students are gaining linguistic knowledge through rap songs, they are gaining the cultural knowledge at the same time as well. The lyrics always tell us something about the history, culture, thinking and attitude of a society. As Pennycook concluded that rap is a global phenomenon involving language use. Pennycook noticed rap has always helped the spread of English globally, especially to countries where English is a foreign language, like Japan and Korea. Mitchell (2001:1-2) argued that hip-hop and rap only belong to African-American culture. In fact, it has brought youth from around the world closer. It is not about where one comes from or which social class one belongs to, but what one can do with the language. Iwasaki believes culture, like music and language, develops and changes. Therefore, popular culture is a channel for the mass to express themselves and for those who want to release pressure from the society. Allowing students to expose to both mass and popular culture will help them to develop cultural awareness of others and their own. Pennycook argues despite the lyrics in rap contains highly controversial topics and expressions, it also communicates meaning on a global scale. Rap is not just about the blacks in the U.S. but a common language shared by a lot of Asian countries like Japan, Korea and even Hong Kong. s we are all going global, our ability to communicate and knowing each others language and music will help us to understand each others customs and traditions much better and faster, thus, avoid conflicts and misunderstanding. Based on the evidence above, few would agree with Schumanns hypothesis in 1976 that the greater the social distance between two cultures, the more difficulty the learner would have in acquiring the target language. Negative impression towards rap A lot of English teachers are reluctant to incorporate rap in their class because when they think of rap, they will have all these negative images villains, gangsters, low culture, low education, guns, drugs, blood, violence, sex, materials and bling bling. They do not know how and where to find the GOOD rap songs with positive meaning. Weinstein (2006) criticized the highly sexual nature of many popular rap songs often gives damaging images of black men and women. The music videos always emphasizes on violence and drugs which also reinforce stereotypes of Blacks and Black youths where they are seen as dangerous, immoral and anti-social. However, Iwasaki argued that any music-based lesson could become a disaster without any thoughtful selection and preparation. Same for Kolozes argument, people wrote songs about drugs, life in the ghetto, rebellion and sex in popular songs since the 1950s. Iwasaki urged teachers to actually make use of those discussions to enhance students critical thinking while acquiring a second language. According to her theory, without general culture knowledge and some social and political awareness, one would find it difficult to participate in common and meaningful topics that a second or foreign language can offer. Some teachers may think some rap songs are inappropriate for classroom use, but the massive influence of rap and hip-hop music around the world has to be considered and noticed. Just like all other popular culture and media, it has its positive and negative influence. Lake also agreed that it would be a foolish if teachers do not use music to take advantage of the positive influence of music as a teaching tool. Selecting a rap with a positive message and the right attitude can enhance English learning as well as social awareness. English teachers need to realize that each rap has a message to spread out. As Music in a universal language, most raps are trying to solve race, class and religion problems that face by the youth (Njubi, 2001). For example, Where is the Love? by Black Eyed Peas. The rap is about the U.S. after the 911 tragedy and calling for U.S. army withdrawal from Iraq. The rap song was the longest-serving British No. 1 in five years and the best selling record of 2003 in the U.K. The group performed the song at the 2004 Grammy Awards, where it was nominated for The Record Of The Year (Wikipedia). This rap was so popular and moved so many people around the world because it is a social-conscious rap. It focused on upright and political awareness. Despite social and political implications, raps do give a voice to young people and inspire them. Teachers should involve their students in the selection process because when they hear something they can relate to, it will motivate them to learn. Challenges The arguments for incorporating popular culture into traditional curriculum are quite compelling and have generated a lot of noises and controversies. A lot of teachers and educators are filled with confusions and anxiety. Morrell (2002) understands teachers feeling daunting about using popular culture because of a lack of understanding. Rap has always been controversial because it is the rappers are expressing opposing views to the dominant culture. By helping students to understand the content can help them to make a meaningful connection between language and culture. Allowing students to be exposed to both mass and popular culture will allow them to think about their own cultural beliefs. School education should incorporate elements and materials from popular culture. Just like what Itoi and Inose (2008) mentioned that teachers should encourage students to think critically around their surroundings and become an independent thinkers. Students can gain insights about the songs by understanding or implying what they hear. Situations in songs are usually open to interpretation, so students can exercise their imagination and express their opinions freely. Conclusion It is the teachers ultimate goal to inspire students to develop their sills and interest in English DURING and AFTER class. Music is one way to create memorable lessons and spark curiosity beyond formal language lessons. Music is a highly relevant source of language outside the classroom. Integrating music into teenagers everyday activities promotes literacy development, particularly for English learners. It is a way for students to experience rich and complex language in a relaxing and entertaining way. A learning environment filled with music will generate interest, encourage creativity and positive learning attitude. Plato once said, Music is a moral law. It gives soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and charm and gaiety to life and to everything. Activity 1 Where is the love? by Black Eyed Peas Total class time : 60 minutes Warm up (12 mins) Use the rap song Where is the Love? (not the whole song, just the first part from Whats wrong with the world, mama? to Where is the love, the love, the love? Teacher will pre-teach and elicit some of the key words in the song. For example, addicted, trauma, terrorism, race, meditate, suffering, etc. through pictures and images Teacher play the song for the FIRST TIME, ask students to stand up every time when they hear a NEGATIVE WORD (either it is a verb, noun or adjective). For example, trauma, terrorism, discriminate, hate, killing, dying, hurt, sufferingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Task 1 (3 mins.) Play the song once (the selected part), ask students to identify the rap part and the chorus part Task 2 (5 mins.) Put students into 2 groups Ask both groups to come out to the whiteboard (2 whiteboards in the classroom) and when they listen to the words that rhyme, they have to write down on the whiteboard. For example, mama, drama and trauma/discriminate, hate, demonstrate, yeah/dying/cryingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Task 3 (5 mins.) Ask students to go to their computer Ask students to go the internet and search for the lyrics Ask students to copy and paste that file to a word document Ask students to underline all the rhyme words as they listen to it again Task 4 (5 mins.) Put students into 4 groups Play the song 2 times to the whole class Ask students to RAP along as much as possible (turn down the volume) Give each group 5 minutes to rehearse Task 5 (15 mins.) Tell students they can look at the lyrics from the computer screen and do a group rapping in front of the class The audience (other groups) have to watch and hold up their hip-hop cap afterwards if they like it. Teacher will count the number of hip-hop caps and write the result on the whiteboard and see which group is the audiences favorite No formal assessment is needed at this stage as this practice is to help the slower and quiet / shy students to build up their confidence. However, teacher will ask students randomly and see what and why they like or do not like about certain groups performance. Post class activity : A group project Time given: 10 days Teacher will spend 10 to 15 minutes explaining this group project Students need to work in a group of 4 Students need to find a controversial social or political topic in Hong Kong through the South China Morning Post or other English news media on the internet Students need to express their opinions about that topic by writing new lyrics that will fit into the rap song of their choice The rap song must be either from the U.S. or Hong Kong Students need to perform and record their NEW RAP and post it on YouTube. Students must provide a YouTube link of the original rap song with their own YouTube video A VERY useful Reference for students : http://blog.mtviggy.com/2010/03/24/top-10-canto-hip-hop-and-rap-songs/ Students need to vote for their favorite GROUP, favorite LYRICS, favorite RAP performance through the school intranet Activity 2 An Interview with your favorite rapper Lead in / Warm up Ask students if they know any local rapper Ask students who is (are) their favorite(s) Stage 1 Ask students to work in pairs (provided they like the same rapper) or individually to draft an e-mail to rappers like MC Jin, Famers, LMF, 24 Herbs, and invite them for an interview which will be conducted by the students Ask students to go online and look for more information about their favorite rapper Ask students to produce the first draft Stage 2 Ask students to produce the second draft based on the teachers advice and comments through e-mail Ask students to work in a group of 3s and prepare a list of questions as an attachment with their e-mail to IMPRESS the rappers so they WILL BE MORE EAGER to say yes to the interview Stage 3 Ask students to produce the FINAL draft Ask students to search from the internet and find out the management company or the record company of the artist that they would like to interview Ask students to send their request to those rappers Facebook accounts and blogs as well Students must send their e-mail through the teachers school e-mail account the teacher needs to have direct control of what goes out and comes in Stage 4 Peer assessment Teacher will ask students to vote and pick the 10 BEST interviewing questions through the school intranet Assessment for activity 1 (post class activity) The group project Peer assessment Instruction : Just put a Æ’Â ¼ in the box for the comment that you agree Questions What do you think, (name of the audience) ? Did you like our topic? Yes, its a hot topic and I can relate to it! Its a typical one! Sorryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it doesnt interest me at all! Did our new lyrics get your attention? Did we bring out a clear message? Yes, very interesting and I wanted to know more! Not really! Sorry but I dont understand what you guys were trying to say! Whats the message? Did we write our new lyrics with the correct grammar? Yes! I think so! May be a few mistakes! Full of grammatical mistakes! Did we have the right pronunciation? Yes! Most of them! No! Was our rap clear and easy to follow? Yes! Most of them! No! Did our new lyrics rhyme with the tune? Yes! Absolutely! Most of them! No! Not at all!!! Did we rap with the right beat? Yes, I wanted to rap along with you guys too! You guys were off a little but it was still alright! Sorry! You guys couldnt catch the beat at all! Did we rap loud and clear enough? Yes! I couldnt hear some of them. Sorry, you guys were just mumbling! Teacher assessment Group members : ______________________________________________ 5=Totally agree 4=Agree 3=Average 2=Disagree 1=Totally disagree 1. An interesting topic which everybody in Hong Kong can relate to. 2. The contents of the rap showed your group had a good understanding of the topic. 3. The organization of the rap was clear and easy to follow. 4. The lyrics were expressive and creative. 5. The lyrics were well written. 6. The lyrics and tune went well together. 7. Your group had good pronunciation when rapping. 8. Your group used correct grammar when writing the lyrics. 9. All of you were very fluent and smooth with your rap. 10. It was a very enjoyable performance. TOTAL SCORE Assessment for activity 2 Writing an e-mail to your favorite rapper Teacher assessment Name of student : ______________________________________________ 5=Totally agree 4=Agree 3=Average 2=Disagree 1=Totally disagree 1. Your e-mail had an appropriate and easy to understand subject. 2. Your e-mail had greeting, introduction, body and closure. 3. The organization of your e-mail was clear and easy to follow. 4. You made your request clear and precise. 5. Your e-mail showed the importance of this matter. 6. Your e-mail supported with good reasons and it can persuade the reader to act according to your request 7. The spelling, punctuation and grammar of your e-mail were accurate. 8. Your e-mail was polite and sincere. 9. Your e-mail content fulfilled all the requirements stated. TOTAL SCORE Lyrics Where is the love? by Black Eyed Peas Whats wrong with the world, mama People livin like they aint got no mamas I think the whole world addicted to the drama Only attracted to things thatll bring you trauma Overseas, yeah, we try to stop terrorism But we still got terrorists here livin In the USA, the big CIA The Bloods and The Crips and the KKK But if you only have love for your own race Then you only leave space to discriminate And to discriminate only generates hate And when you hate then youre bound to get irate, yeah Madness is what you demonstrate And thats exactly how anger works and operates Man, you gotta have love just to set it straight Take control of your mind and meditate Let your soul gravitate to the love, yall, yall People killin, people dyin Children hurt and you hear them cryin Can you practice what you preach And would you turn the other cheek Father, Father, Father help us Send some guidance from above Cause people got me, got me questionin Where is the love (Love) Where is the love (The love) Where is the love (The love) Where is the love The love, the love

sanctification :: essays research papers

SANCTIFICATION Introduction -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sanctification means to make holy, purify or consecrate; to set apart, to separate -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process of being made holy resulting in a changed life-style for the believer. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  examples from the Old Testament: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain times are sanctified in that they are set apart especially to the Lord: the sabbath, the various festivals, the year of Jubilee. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The land of Canaan, as well as Jerusalem, was holy to the Lord and was not to be polluted by sinful conduct. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tabernacle/Temple and all the objects related to it were holy. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The priests and Levites who functioned in the sanctuary, beginning with Aaron, were sanctified to the Lord by the anointing of oil. Illustration -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A coal miner was walking home one day from working all day in the dirty coal mine. A young girl gave him a beautiful flower. He was happy and took the flower home. He put it in a vase on the table, and started to admire the flower. Then he realised that the vase was dirty. And so he cleaned the vase. As he sat admiring the flower, he saw that the table was dirty. So he cleaned the table. As he sat admiring the flower again, he saw that the floor was dirty. So he cleaned the floor too. Finally, he ended up cleaning the whole house. This is what  ¡Ã‚ ¥sanctification ¡Ã‚ ¦ means. After we have received Jesus into our life, He will begin to clean us up from within. Message -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification is God ¡Ã‚ ¦s will for us  ¡V 1 Thes 4:3 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves the sanctification of body, soul and spirit  ¡V 1 Thes 5:23 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves both God and us o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jesus is our Sanctifier  ¡V Heb 2:11; God our Father is our Sanctifier too  ¡V Jude 1:1 o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our part  ¡V purging ourselves  ¡V 2 Tim 2:21 „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be a vessel unto honour and sanctification for the Master ¡Ã‚ ¦s use sanctification :: essays research papers SANCTIFICATION Introduction -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sanctification means to make holy, purify or consecrate; to set apart, to separate -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process of being made holy resulting in a changed life-style for the believer. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  examples from the Old Testament: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain times are sanctified in that they are set apart especially to the Lord: the sabbath, the various festivals, the year of Jubilee. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The land of Canaan, as well as Jerusalem, was holy to the Lord and was not to be polluted by sinful conduct. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tabernacle/Temple and all the objects related to it were holy. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The priests and Levites who functioned in the sanctuary, beginning with Aaron, were sanctified to the Lord by the anointing of oil. Illustration -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A coal miner was walking home one day from working all day in the dirty coal mine. A young girl gave him a beautiful flower. He was happy and took the flower home. He put it in a vase on the table, and started to admire the flower. Then he realised that the vase was dirty. And so he cleaned the vase. As he sat admiring the flower, he saw that the table was dirty. So he cleaned the table. As he sat admiring the flower again, he saw that the floor was dirty. So he cleaned the floor too. Finally, he ended up cleaning the whole house. This is what  ¡Ã‚ ¥sanctification ¡Ã‚ ¦ means. After we have received Jesus into our life, He will begin to clean us up from within. Message -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification is God ¡Ã‚ ¦s will for us  ¡V 1 Thes 4:3 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves the sanctification of body, soul and spirit  ¡V 1 Thes 5:23 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sanctification involves both God and us o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jesus is our Sanctifier  ¡V Heb 2:11; God our Father is our Sanctifier too  ¡V Jude 1:1 o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our part  ¡V purging ourselves  ¡V 2 Tim 2:21 „X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be a vessel unto honour and sanctification for the Master ¡Ã‚ ¦s use

Culture And Climate Essay

In this paper a relationship between culture and climates is discussed with a focus on the southern California hunter gatherer societies. When there is a climate change the society will have to change their way of life in order to cope or else the change of climate could end up affecting the society adversely and even claiming life. Some of the change that occurs in the society due to climate change is that of food that is being eaten. Change in climate also could mean the people adapt to a new dressing code because of the increase or reduction in the temperatures. The effect of climate change will have a varying effect on the communities depending on whether they are gatherers/hunters or agriculturalist. When there is rain reduction the effect will be felt more by the agriculturalist than the hunters as much as all of them need the rain. When there is lack of rains some communities end up being violent as they fight for the few resources like pasture and water points. A good example of such an experience is the massacre that occurred at the Craw Creek whose evidence was the mass grave that was found with the remains of 486 individuals who had been mutilated. The attackers it is believed that, they made the attack because they were desperate due to lack of food as a result of climate change. When the society has a fear of being attacked they will always prepare for war. The society starts training the young people on how to fight and protect the community wealth. The community which has a tendency of being involved in wars will have its members having the skills of making weapons. They will also be involved in trade with other communities in order to sell or buy weapons. Some of the communities in Southern California like Chumash had other ways that they used as adaptation means to climate change that brought about severe droughts. This community adapted to using of a variety of plants and animal food such that when the climatic conditions were unfavorable they could resort to the use of the less preferred food which could be available at the time and these could help them avoid starvation. The communities learnt skills of storing food to avert effects caused by short term climatic changes. These community stored acorns, had skills of smoking and drying of fish, they dried seeds in addition to having the skills of constructing indoor and outdoor storage facilities. With enough food stored the community was able to support a dense population throughout the year including the years when there was little harvest. Different species of crops and varieties perform differently in same climate change. This also applies to the different tamed animals. There are some crops that will give a very low harvest or none at all when there is a change in climate while others survive in different climatic conditions. When communities are faced with unpredictable climate condition they resort to farming of different crops so as to survive harsh climatic conditions as seen from the case of the Chumash people. Water is a resource that becomes rare whenever there is extended droughts and as a result the communities which live in areas that are prone to droughts always have a culture of storing water. The Chumash people can also serve as an example in this area as research has shown that they had storage facilities to ensure there was supply of water for their use during the drought period. Their most common storage vessel was an asphalt interior lined water bottle. Due to the fact that asphalt preserves well, the evidence of the water bottle use and manufacture by the community is clear. The communities that were neighbors to the Chumash like Cahuilla and were in the desert regions had the skills of digging wells as way of adapting to the desert conditions. Exchange which was practiced among the Chumash is also seen as a way of the community trying to cope with the environment they new to be unpredictable. By the time of arrival of the Spanish the society was involved in exchange of prestige goods which partially had support of marriages that were so extensive that there was linkage of different ecological zones. There was a variety of goods that were being traded among the adjacent regions and these included foods, raw materials, manufactured goods and other goods. With the community involved in trade chiefs and other individuals who were powerful amassing a lot of wealth to themselves which was in form of prestige goods, a lot of food that was in storage facilities, shell beads which was being used as currency and canoes. This also brought about the emerging of network systems that were very powerful which involved ceremonial feasts. The use of prestige goods is believed to have been adopted as a form of social storage over thousands of years as a response to recurring droughts that challenged steady supply of required resources of the Chumash society. Reference Lynn H. (2005). Culture and Climate: Reconsidering the Effect of Palaeoclimatic Variability among Southern California Hunter-Gatherer Societies. World Archaeology, Vol. 37, No. 1, retrieved on 27TH April 2009 from: http://www. jstor. org/stable/40023887

The Great Barrier Reef Environmental Sciences Essay

When one speaks of the Great Barrier Reef, they tell of the most celebrated and largest coral reef in the universe. This eye-popping universe of works and carnal life is difficult to grok and is fantastic to see. The wide and shallow Continental shelf of northeasterly Australia provides an ideal base for growing. This reef is a aggregation of 280 barrier reefs, 300 coral keies and stone islands stretching for 1,250 stat mis along the seashore of Queensland, Australia and 160 stat mis offshore. It covers 135,000 square stat mi or approximately merely a small larger than the size of New Mexico. It is inhabited by 1000000s of unusual animals. A individual coral wall holds a broader representation of life than an full continent. It has solid rock that grows upward like a palace or sideways like a Fringilla montifringilla coppice making crevasses that look like mini-grand canons. There are 2000 different types of fish in great battalions of vivacious tropical colourss and angle that do n' t even look like fish. The stone is really coral that comes in all colourss, signifier, and gestures – plume dust storm and Christmas tree coral in ruddy, navy, and pink ; domes of encephalon coral that truly look like encephalons, plate coral that look like elephantine battercakes and staghorn coral that look like they should be on top of a cervid ‘s caput. There is black, pink and ruddy coral that is used in jewellery devising. In fact, there are about 350 different coral types. Coral may look to be lovely workss but they are animate beings – bantam rapacious animate beings. Even though they can non travel, they reproduce, communicate and grow. They begin life as unattached pinpoints called planulae. This pinpoint finds a good foundation, go for good affiliated and develops into a mature polyp. This polyp is merely a heavy tubing with a oral cavity at the top with a circle of tentacles. Despite the simpleness of this design, the coral polyp has persisted for over 400 million old ages. The ground for this success is its place – expression closely and you will see bantam small pores. Each pore is home to a polyp. This place is nil more than limestone that they have created themselves. The polyp takes Ca and carbonate from the saltwater and deposits it about them until they have a snug place. This secreting of limestone continues throughout their life and is deposited at the base of the place so that that the polyp is ever on top. As their place grows, the polyp splits into two, so four, and so eight with uninterrupted dividing until one person has become a settlement. As the size of the settlement grows it becomes a reef that contains 100s of 1000s of settlements with one million millions of polyps, all bound together by their limestone. Corals are invariably looking for more room and finally one type of coral with overtake another type of coral. When this occurs, the also-ran dies and their limestone place becomes the foundation for extra places of the winning coral. This changeless growing, decay and re-growth repetition infinitely as it has for the past 400 million old ages and hopefully for the following 400 million old ages. The Great Barrier Reef appears to be a flower garden with â€Å" petals † blowing in the â€Å" zephyr † of the ocean ‘s currents. The petals are really the tentacles that sit atop the settlement like bantam flowers. This â€Å" flower garden † is lead oning ; it is a deathly web of hold oning fingers coated with glue-like mucous secretion that traps plankton. The fingers of the polyp have tiny un-seeable stinging cells that stupefying its quarry. Then the fingers pass their gimmick from one to another until making the polyp ‘s oral cavity. Some big polyps are so powerful that they can trap little fish. Through a web of nervousnesss, each polyp, communicates with other settlement members. Touch a coral polyp and it will abjure into its rock place. Tap it harder and the full settlement may retreat. Large lone corals can even work together to upright itself if turned upside down during a storm. The tentacles will delve a hole in the sand until the coral Begins to lean ; so go on delving until it uprights itself. How does the polyp know which side should delve and which side should non delve ; is an unbelievable enigma. In order to maintain it self clean and from being buried, the settlement will clean it self by traveling the bantam cilia that cover their organic structures in concert causation deposit and sand to be moved the borders of the settlement. The coral besides secretes a thick bed of mucous secretion that traps soil and so is sloughed off in big sheets. This cleansing maneuver is besides good to other reef occupants as an extra protein rich nutrient beginning. The coral polyps and their places are merely the beginning of the Great Barrier Reef. There are eccentric oddnesss at each crevice and nook. Lionfish with their â€Å" mane † , butterfly fish, clownfish, barracudas, pediculosis pubiss, runt, sharks ; the list can travel on and on. The reef attracts 100s of species of animate beings to feed, engender, and slumber. Sea urchins walk on the tips of their spinal columns beckoning their other spinal columns like a unsighted adult male walking down the street with a cane. In fact, urchins do non hold eyes. The rainbow parrotfish eats the coral reef and passes the limestone out as white sand, which becomes the environing beaches. These eatened countries become places for sponges, worms and molluscs and destructive forces such as bore bits and parasites. The destructive forces create more holes and shortly the reef has become a elephantine piece of Swiss cheese with spreads and tunnels supplying legion mini-ecosystems and concealing topographic points for fish, moray eels, lobsters and sea stars. Some of the more interesting animate beings are the immense, spiked, poison-tipped sea star called the crown-of-thorns sea star, which eats unrecorded coral polyps, the dunce shark, beams, the elephantine clam, sea serpents and sea polo-necks. Despite all attempts by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, there are legion species that are on the endangered list – which include sea polo-necks, kyphosis giants, Triton Trumpet Shell and the Banded Sea Snake. Marine polo-necks are the earliest seamans of the oceans. They foremost emerged during the dinosaur age and have been swimming in the sea of all time since. Female polo-necks still climb the sandy beaches to put their eggs as their female parent ‘s did more than 150 million old ages ago. Turtlenecks have changed small since that dinosaur age – they still live their full life in the H2O except to put their eggs. Six of the universe ‘s seven species of marine polo-neck live in the Waterss within the Great Barrier Reef. Some species such as the dunce and green polo-neck are seen often, while others such as the Olive Ridley and leathery turtle are rarely seen. The most endangered is the level back sea polo-neck. The causes for hazard are: they lay fewer eggs than other polo-necks, marauders of foxes, warrigals and the Australian Monitor Lizard and vanishing nesting sites. Humpback whales come from the South-polar Waterss to the Great Barrier Reef from May to September to break up and to construct up strength over the winter before they return to the Antarctic in summer. The Great Barrier Reef is the baby's room for the kyphosis giant. Female kyphosis giants give birth to a calf that is 10 to 15 pess long at birth and weigh around 2,000 lbs. The female is pregnant for 12 months and so nurses her calf for another twelvemonth. She can give birth to a babe calf about one time every three old ages. Merely between 30,000 and 40,000 kyphosis giants remain in the universe. This is about one-third the Numberss of kyphosis giants that originally roamed the oceans. Hunting is non the lone ground that the kyphosis giant is endangered. The devastation of their home ground has contributes to their disappearing. For illustration, the giants feed on krill and logging is killing krill. Loging creates overflow of deposit and nitrates into the ocean. The Triton Sea Shell snail is now a rare discovery in the Great Barrier Reef and the Pacific Ocean. They are found at the deepness of 15 – 60 pess in the coral home ground. This snail is really of import to the reef ; it preys on the Crown of Thorns sea star which eats the reef ‘s coral. After turn uping its quarry, the cornet snail paralyses the sea star with an injection of paralytic salivary juices, and so drills through the sea star ‘s skeleton with dentitions to feed on the soft tissue indoors. The Triton Sea Shell is really rare because of the beauty and size of its shell and it is wanted by serious shell aggregators everyplace. Sea serpents occur in the tropical Waterss of the Great Barrier Reef. They inhabit shallow Waterss along seashores and around islands, river oral cavities, and can go up into rivers up to more than 100 stat mis from the sea. This snake provenders on fish, fish eggs, and crustaceans and molluscs. The Banded Sea Snake is egg-laying and is highly deadly. The Banded Sea Snake still must come up to breath air and has smooth scaly organic structures like land serpents. What makes the sea snake an first-class swimmer and frogman is their vertically flattened paddle-like tail. Sea serpents are exploited for their tegument, variety meats, and meat. The impact of this development on the Banded Sea Snake is difficult to find due to the deficiency of monitoring of commercial piscaries. Why is the Great Barrier Reef of import to worlds? The reef is called the rain forest of the ocean due to its biologically diverse ecosystems. It is 2nd merely to tropical rain woods in the figure of species it harbors. Although the Great Barrier reef merely occupy 20 % of the oceans coral reefs ( an country approximately the size of North Carolina ) , it is home to about one one-fourth of the planet ‘s aquatic species. Coral reefs offer of import income beginnings for their human neighbours through touristry and fishing, which provide both subsistence and trade. Recently, scientists have begun to detect that coral communities may incorporate valuable medical specialties that may one twenty-four hours take to interventions for malignant neoplastic disease and HIV. For coastal communities, the reef besides plays an of import function in protecting their coastlines from storms. I have spoken of how fantastic and of import the Great Barrier Reef is ; but, the reef is among the most susceptible to human impacts and is being damaged and destroyed with dismaying easiness. Practices such as over-fishing, the usage of dynamite or toxicant to capture fish and dropping boat ground tackles on corals has produced tremendous harm. Even an inadvertent touch from frogmans and snorkelers can significantly damage the delicate coral polyps. Pollution, silting from land-based building, and fertiliser overflow have led to damage to coral reefs worldwide by barricading the sunlight corals require for photosynthesis by their symbiotic algae. Rising sea temperatures from planetary heating can besides destruct corals. However, when a coral reef has been damaged from human effects, it may hold a more hard clip retrieving from natural catastrophes. Due to the reef ‘s sensitiveness to really little temperature lifts and to alterations in ocean acidification, the Great Barrier Reef is watched to supervise clime alterations. Australia ‘s most well-known Marine and environmental scientists say to be able to deliver the Earth ‘s coral reefs from widespread harm caused by adult male, the industrialised states will necessitate to cut planetary heating, C emanations and ocean acidification by 25 per centum by 2020 and by 80 to 90 by 2050. Coral decease and decoloring due to thermic injuries involved over 50 per centum of the Great Barrier Reef in 1998 and 2002, when the summer maximal H2O temperatures were increased by merely one to two grades centigrade. Bleaching is a mark of emphasis. Corals appear bleached when they expel the bantam workss that normally live in their tissues. High H2O temperatures and other environmental conditions stress corals and can do them to decolor ; but, they can last if the H2O temperature does n't remain elevated for an drawn-out period of clip. The reef experienced bleaching in 1998 and had n't recovered before decoloring occurred once more in 2002. The 2002 bleaching is the worst episode on record with harm to both on-shore and off-shore reefs. Airplanes were used the position the Great Barrier Reef bleaching and they discovered that about 60 per centum of the Marine park reef was heat-stressed. Fortunately, the harm by decoloring has non caused widespread decease of the coral. We mere ly need to look at other reefs around the universe to acquire a clear warning as to what happens when the temperature spikes becomes more legion and acute. Ocean acidification is speed uping and has already earnestly affected the growing and strength of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Ocean acidification will impact all marine beings and this will upset the ecology of the universe ‘s oceans making a socio-economic influence on piscaries and other pelagic concerns. What sort of impact will the diminution of the Great Barrier Reef hold? The Australian economic system benefits significantly from the Great Barrier Reef ; it generates about $ 5.4 billion dollars every twelvemonth. The touristry industry produces $ 5.1 billion, recreational involvements make $ 153 million and commercial fishing turns out $ 139 million. The coral reef has already seen better yearss despite good direction by the Marine park. Loss of coral protections reduces biodiversity, finally upseting touristry, fishing and coastal protection. â€Å" We ‘ve seen the grounds with our ain eyes. Climate alteration is already impacting the Great Barrier Reef, † says Professor Terry Hughes of the James Cook University located in Queensland. What is being done to protect and continue the Great Barrier Reef? Because of its alone national and international significance, the Great Barrier Reef is listed under the World Heritage Convention. It meets all four of the natural heritage standards: biological diverseness, aesthetics and natural beauty, ecological and biological procedures, and geological admiration. To guarantee that the biological diverseness and construction of the Great Barrier Reef are maintained, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park has started a class that will enlarge the country and figure of â€Å" no-take † Marine safeties. The no-take zones will hold representation from all bioregions that are recognized in the park. Monitoring is important to track alterations, such as eruptions of crown-of-thorns sea star, locate coral bleaching, or diminutions in the position of inshore reefs. Keeping an oculus on H2O quality is done by supervising the H2O quality in the rivers that flow to the Great Barrier Ree f. Education is raising reef consciousness and taking to improved patterns in the agriculture – cane and banana husbandmans are modifying their usage of fertiliser to minimise run-off loss. The pattern of green cultivated land of harvests and rubbish blanketing ( go forthing the rubbish on the land as compost and non firing harvests ) is increasing, which reduces deposit and alimentary loss. The Great Barrier Reef is an astonishing portion of this universe and its disappearing would be a great loss to adult male and nature.

For Some Reason

For Some Reason For Some Reason For Some Reason By Maeve Maddox The idiom â€Å"for some reason† means, â€Å"for a reason unknown to me.† For example: For some reason, they hid behind a lot of legal issues. [The] game keeps scrolling up  for some reason.   For some reason,  the drivers were very discourteous that night. I first noticed the non-idiomatic phrase â€Å"in some reason† used in place of â€Å"for some reason† in an email: In some reason I have not received my order. A Web search revealed that this error is widespread: I work as taxi driver, and in some reason unknown to me, access to the local radio system is blocked. We need just 6 bitcoin confirmations. Our system completes an exchange automatically in 99% cases. The 1% is when our system fails in some reason. I was happy for my decision even though in some reason the doctor wrote on the procedure paper â€Å"a scar revision† and not â€Å"a facelift.† In some reason the dynamic css style is empty. I need to edit pictures [but] in some reason it doesn’t go in when I first post. I have a file that has clone layers. And in some reason the layers will eat the memory. Here are the examples corrected: I work as taxi driver, and for some reason unknown to me, access to the local radio system is blocked. We need just 6 bitcoin confirmations. Our system completes an exchange automatically in 99% cases. The 1% is when our system fails for some reason. I was happy for my decision even though for some reason the doctor wrote on the procedure paper â€Å"a scar revision† and not â€Å"a facelift.† For some reason the dynamic css style is empty. I need to edit pictures [but] for some reason it doesn’t go in when I first post. I have a file that has clone layers. And for some reason the layers will eat the memory. If the intended meaning is â€Å"for an unknown reason or cause,† the idiom is, â€Å"for some reason.† The phrase â€Å"in some reason† is nonstandard usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)Few vs. Several

japanese aisatsu Essay Example

japanese aisatsu Essay Example japanese aisatsu Paper japanese aisatsu Paper In college, as in life, some things are unavoidable: tuition, essays, bad-for-you food and roommates. Unless you live at home while going to school, from the time you enter the higher education world until you leave it, you will be coping with people in your personal space. In the land of shared space, problems arise frequently and if you never deal with them, they have the potential to ruin any relationship. Use these tips from experts and real college girls on getting along with your roommate whether your roomie is a random assignment or your best friend. Talk. If somethings bugging you, bring it up in a non-defensive way rather than assume your roommate can read your mind. Nothing can change unless you acknowledge it. Its possible that your roommate may not even be aware of the problem. 2. Focus on behavior, not personality. Its not reasonable to ask people to change who they are, but you can ask them to tone down how they express themselves, especially when its invading your tu rf. So, you cant criticize someone for being perky, but you can ask for someone not to talk so much while youre studying. 3. Stay flexible. Its not your job to fix anybody else, and it helps to recognize that no one is perfect. Be willing to look at your own behavior. Consider what you could do differently to help the situation instead of only blaming your roommate. 4. Start with one pet peeve. What can you absolutely not deal with? What do you find extremely irritating, but could live with if you had to? There are probably tons of things your roommate does that get on your nerves. But nothing kills a relationship faster than listing dozens of reasons why you dont like a person. Instead, both of you need to list your number one pet peeve and focus your energy on solving that first. 5. Consider the positives. Before you decide that life would be better with a roommate exactly like you, think of what you could gain by living with your opposite. Were often attracted to people who are different from us because they represent qualities we wish we possessed. If youre shy, maybe being around a more outgoing person will force you out of your shell. When one persons strength makes up for the others weakness, being opposites is an dvantage. Sharing your place with another person, whether this is a new experience for you or youVe had years of practice, is never easy. Use these tips to keep hostility at bay, and youll be gossiping about the cute guy in your chem lab rather than the newest annoyance your roommate has inflicted upon you. Trust me, your friends will thank you. The reflection of reading: Living with another is not convenient for me. Because when I doing anything I should consider my roommates how to do it wont disturb her. But the advantage of iving with another is that I can know my roommates who from other countries with different life background and we can share about our lifestyle as well as some growing experience. If we are match at interest and view of events, we will be the good friends soon! The disadvantage is that I need control my bedtime not affecting her, when the roommates friends visit her, they chatting some topic that I cant Join Ill feel so embarrassed. Getting along well with roommate is not easy, but Ill try to use this tips and

7 Ways Private School Prepares You for College

7 Ways Private School Prepares You for College When students apply to private school, it’s often with the ultimate goal of getting into a top college. But how exactly does private school prepare you for college? 1. Private Schools Offer Exceptional Academics The Association of Boarding Schools (TABS) researched just how prepared students were for college. When asked, students who attended both boarding schools and privates reported that they were more prepared for college both academically and in non-academic areas than those who attended public school. Private school students were also more likely to earn an advanced degree, with boarding school students coming in with the highest percentage of advanced degrees earned. Why is this? One reason is that private schools are designed to help students develop a love of learning, which means that they are more likely to continue their schooling beyond high school and undergraduate college. 2. Private Schools are Rigorous It’s not uncommon to hear a private school graduate come back from their first year at college saying that it was easier than high school. Private schools are rigorous, and demand a lot of students. These high expectations result in students developing strong work ethics and time management skills. Private schools often require that students participate in two or three sports and afterschool activities, while also offering clubs and activities, in addition to their academics. This heavy schedule means time management skills and a schoolwork/life balance are skills that students master before college. 3. Boarding School Students Learn Independence Students who attend boarding school receive an even better preview of college life, more so than students at a day school. Why? Because boarding school students live in dorms on campus, instead of at home with their families, they learn what it’s like to live independently, but in a more supportive environment than you might find at college. Dorm parents at boarding school play an active role in the lives of boarding students lives, providing guidance and encouraging independence as they learn to live on their own. From laundry and room cleanliness to waking up on time and balancing work and social life, boarding school challenges students to make responsible decisions. 4. Private Schools are Diverse Private schools typically offer more diversity than public schools, as these institutions tend to enroll students from not just one town. Boarding schools go even further, welcoming students from all over the world. Like colleges, diverse environments tend to provide rich experiences, as students live and learn with people from all walks of life. These varied perspectives on current events, lifestyles, and even pop culture references can enhance the academic classroom and broaden personal understanding of the world. 5. Private Schools have Highly Qualified Teachers The TABS study also shows that boarding school students are more likely to report having high-quality teachers than private or public schools. At boarding school, teachers are so much more than just classroom teachers. They are often coaches, dorm parents, advisors, and support systems. It’s common for boarding school students to stay in touch with their teachers long after graduation. Private school teachers typically dont just have teaching certificates, in fact, many private schools value experience over a teaching certificate. Private school teachers tend to have advanced degrees in their subject areas, and often have extensive professional backgrounds in their teaching subjects. Imagine learning physics from an actual engineer, or being coached by a former professional player? Private schools strive to hire the best in the business, and the students benefit greatly. 6. Private Schools Provide Personal Attention Most private schools boast small class sizes. At private schools, an average class size is often between 12 and 15 students, whereas the NCES reports that an average classroom ranges from about 17-26 students, depending on grade level and type of class. These smaller class sizes, which sometimes have more than one teacher, especially in kindergarten programs and primary school programs, mean more personal attention for students, no back row, and no chance of getting overlooked in discussions. Private school teachers are also expected to be available outside of normal class times for extra help, especially at boarding schools. This supportive environment  means  students receive even more opportunities for success. 7. Private Schools Help Students Apply to College Another benefit of boarding school, particularly when it comes to preparing for college, is the assistance students, and their parents, receive in the college application process. College Counseling offices work with students and their families to help find the best fit colleges and universities. As juniors, and sometimes even as freshmen or sophomores, students begin to work with qualified college counselors who help guide them through the college application process. From providing help with researching colleges and universities to reviewing financial aid and scholarships, college counselors work to help students find the schools that will help them thrive. With more than 5,000 colleges and universities in the United States, college counseling services can be invaluable to students and their families. Assistance in finding the right college doesnt just mean finding a school that offers a particular major, either. Private schools also help students capitalize on their strengths during the college admission process. College counselors can help students identify schools with targeted sports or art programs, which can be  helpful if scholarships are available. For example, a student who hopes to eventually pursue an MBA may opt for a college with a strong business school. But, that same student may also be a standout soccer player, and so finding a college with both a strong business program and an active soccer program can be a huge help. Boarding school coaches are often involved in helping student athletes get seen by top college recruiters, which could result in an athletic scholarship to play on an athletic team. College is expensive, and every bit of financial aid support can be a huge help in staving off mounds of student loans.

Is globalisation presently being governed To the extent it is, how is Essay

Is globalisation presently being governed To the extent it is, how is this being done - Essay Example To some extent this is the case, but as we will see, the range of actors and processes comprehended by such terms as ‘globalisation’ and ‘global governance’ are perhaps too complex and too numerous to be encompassed in any account. In short, the aim of this essay is to explore the nature and efficacy of contemporary attempts to govern globalising forces, and to assess the methods used and the degree of success they have been met with. The term ‘global governance’ is bandied about in the literature a great deal, but different scholars seem to have attached a range of different, sometimes overlapping, and sometimes conflicting, meanings to it. As Dingwerth and Pattberg (2006) observed, ‘the concept of global governance has become ever more popular – and confusion about its meaning ever greater’ (p. 185). Writing on the same theme, Payne (2005) went so far as to claim that governance is one of the most used and abused terms in c ontemporary academic discourse, perhaps beaten to first place only by globalisation (p. 55). It is necessary to gain some clarity on this issue if we are to build a useful analytical framework for discussing the consequences and demands of globalisation. Dingwerth and Pattberg (2006) declared, exasperated, that ‘’Global Governance’ appears to be virtually anything’ (p. 185). However, using their review article as a helpful foundation, we can see global governance as an analytical framework which has succeeded ‘international relations’ – the traditional way of seeing interaction between sovereign states. While global governance refers partly to the institutional response to globalisation, and attempts by states to order globalising processes, it is surely something larger than this, and encompasses a series of phenomena which can be observed working above and below the level of intergovernmental cooperation. There are, for example, socia l and political movements which transcend state boundaries, often facilitated by the unique opportunities for communication afforded by the internet. There are also private networks and private corporations whose interests and activities span continents. Pressure groups such as Greenpeace and judicial actors like the International Criminal Court are only the most visible of millions of actors in the global arena. Weiss (1999), likewise, saw global governance as a response to the widespread dissatisfaction with existing theories of international relations, and especially the failure of such theories to adequately make allowance for the colossal increase, in numbers and importance, of actors independent of the state, and especially of the transformations brought about by new technologies, especially the internet. Rosenau (1995) understood all of this, and acknowledged that an understanding of global governance rests on a great deal more than an exploration of the formal institutions a nd mechanisms – bodies such as the United Nations - that have been established by governments to deal with globalisation. As he himself writes, it is ‘more than the formal institutions through which the management of international affairs is or is not sustained’ (p. 13). He extends the competence of global governance right down to every level of human activity, including interactions between families across borders. Dingwerth and Patt

ADD and ADHD Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ADD and ADHD Behavior - Research Paper Example (Hermann et al, 2007).The completely unproven and highly questionable diagnosis known as Attention Deficit Disorder forms the basis of administering dangerous stimulant drugs to millions of children around the world each year. The stimulant drugs are known to modify behavior by compromising human health.Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a popular sub type of Attention Deficit Disorder and they are nothing more than inventions which are a result of politics and conflicting world economics.The absurdity of the invented disease is reflected by its absurdity of the diagnostic criteria listed in DSM-IV. Moreover, the proof of the nonexistence of ADD and ADHD is provided by the fact that there are absolutely no physiological or organic findings to substantiate the existence of this invented disease.The symptoms of ADD and ADHD are childhood behaviors, ranging from normal to non-complaint, and these symptoms themselves reflect the non existence of the disease.Despite the fact that the validity of ADD and ADHD is spurious, the number of children and young adults being diagnosed with the invented diseases are skyrocketing.Unfortunately, the number of diseased individuals is rising with the passage of each year.Apart from the rising number cases, another depressing aspect of the disease is that a considerably large number of diagnosed children and young adults are treated by administering dangerous stimulant drugs.... Unfortunately, the absence of intervention in the use of diagnosis and stimulant drugs, the popular and seductive concept of ADD will continue to flourish which will inevitably continue to throw innocent children and young adults into a deep floundering sea of fear and isolation. (Jacobs, 2004). Popularity of ADD & ADHD A staggering number of children and young adults are diagnosed with ADD or ADHD each year. The increased popularity of the invented disease amongst health professionals has resulted in more and more children receiving dangerous stimulant drugs. The paradoxical effect of stimulants on children has been revealed by strenuous clinical studies conducted by clinicians around the world. Unfortunately, the commencement of treatment strategies involving stimulant drugs has not been wavered by the surfacing of paradoxical effect of these drugs on children and young adults. According to health professionals, ADD and ADHD continues into adulthood and is responsible for criminal behaviors. However, such claims have no reality in my opinion because the disease simply has no organic or physiological findings. There is no proof of the existence of the disease therefore; health personnel are unable to justify their claims that adulthood criminal behavior is a consequence of ADD and ADHD in childhood. (Jacobs, 2004). Dangers of Stimulant Drugs Ritalin (methylphenidate) and dexamphetamine are pharmacologically similar to cocaine and are two of the most popular drugs for administration in ADHD. The drugs have significant effects which are similar to the ones mediated by cocaine. The chief effects of stimulant drugs used in the treatment of ADHD and ADD are that they cause the patients undergoing therapy to

Critique of Mrs. Jones (Pseudonym) Assessment Criteria Essay

Critique of Mrs. Jones (Pseudonym) Assessment Criteria - Essay Example Preoperative Assessment VI. Clinical Nursing and Management VII. Intra-operative Assessment and Care VIII. Planning and Preparation for Safe Administration of Anesthesia IX. Intra-operative Monitoring Techniques Applied X. Anesthesia Techniques Used XI. Hemodynamic Management of Patient XII. Additional Precautionary Equipment Used XIII. Anesthesia Agents and Analgesia Used XIV. Post-operative Assessment and Care XV. References Case Analysis: Critique of Mrs. Jones (Pseudonym) Assessment Criteria Introduction Mrs. Jones is an 82 year old female patient who has been admitted for colonoscopy +/- polypectomy for PR bleeding. This condition has been persistent in her system, given the fact that she had been diagnosed of the same problem earlier in 2010, together with other complications. Arrangements had been made for her to attend a twenty days pre-admission clinic before surgery. Prior to her admission for surgery, she was taken through a preoperative nursing assessment. This paper is a critique of this assessment and Mrs. Jones management at large from the pre and intra operative care through, to the handover stage with the post-anesthetic care nursing. It majorly singles out the factors that may impact the patient’s care throughout the pre and the intra operative anesthesia experience. Litwack (2009:1) suggest that, it is important that all health care team should be aware of the patient’s medical history, and previous surgeries. Additionally, they should be aware of the patient’s family history of diseases. This information is important for planning and instituting pre and post anaesthesia care. Taylor and Welleford (2009:707) have suggested that cardiovascular systems have the most influence on anaesthesia and general outcome. This means that preoperative interview and pre assessment can decrease the risk and improve immediate peri procedure outcomes and the long term clinical outcome. Preoperative Assessment and Care Preoperative stage pr ovides a chance for the beginning of a thorough assessment of surgical patients. This section includes activities like patient-centered interviews that are aimed at gathering critical information that will contribute to a patient’s successful experience and an outlined and goal directed care plan. Mrs. Jones went through a preoperative interview and reassessment stage for twenty days before the surgery. This stage included a pre-anesthesia consultation conducted by an anesthetic registrar. The consultation by the anesthetic registrar prior to the day of surgery revealed vital information about Mrs. Jones which may impact the care she receives in the pre and intra operative stages of the whole surgical procedure. ANZCA (2008:1) recommended that the pre-anesthesia consultation should include the patient’s health status and medical history and a plan of the anesthesia. Furthermore it should include an interview and a discussion with the patient and their family regarding to anesthetic management. The discussion should be of factors which are of significance to the patient. At the end of it, a confirmation about the patient’s identity and consent to the procedure after an explanation of the anesthesia with its related the procedures should be obtained (ANZCA, 2008:1). Clinical Presentation The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification system is very useful for assessing the statistical analysis of a patient’s health status (Sherief, 2011:1). Mrs. Jones is eighty two years old, female, graded 3 by ASA, and has a history of multiple health problems. Mrs. Jones currently is admitted for colonoscopy +/- polypectomy for PR bleeding. This grading of three by the American Society of anesthesiologists was because her condition was coupled with a multiple medical history a

Geographical Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geographical Information Systems - Essay Example The most important part of a GIS is the ‘gencode’ to which information is connected. It represents a geographical code to highlight a place or location anywhere in the world. A GIS shows vital data in a diagrammatic manner, displaying extended spatial locations, territorial divisions, neighborhood vicinities and their inhabitants with unparalleled clearness. The GIS displays structure upon structure of data {such as characteristics and statistics of human population, income levels, voting preferences, poverty levels, pollution rates, and Internet availability}, and the manner in which all structures work in cohesive unity. The GIS user then selects the data to structure according to the queries that need to be solved. The precise information provided by GIS is being increasingly used for public safety purposes. Public safety officials have discovered that its geospatial information is derived much more spontaneously, and is more productive as compared to data supplied by ambiguous orthodox photography due to the very fast rate at which imagery of a certain area can be displayed as well as the cost savings involved. It is estimated that GIS use has resulted in cutting short land-use and field visits by as much as 70%. Tasks like on-the-way and on-the-scene skillful planning, highlighting the precise origin of wireless calls, advance planning of interior safety and security strategies, and re-directing traffic in times of emergencies have become much easier to undertake and solve more quickly and efficiently (Earth Imaging Journal, 2005). The use of GIS as a crime-fighting tool is increasing in the United States. It enables the police to examine and evaluate crime trends and find precise geographic locations where some crimes are concentrated, connect those crimes to the area in which they take place, and highlight the locations

Literature- Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature- Poetry - Essay Example Easily understanding the conceptual metaphor that life is a journey, when applied to the poem, those who choose to look beyond the imagery determine that the poem is telling us that individuals should strive to follow their own path in life rather than attempting to follow the paths that have been mapped out for them by others. It isn’t bad advice, but it isn’t exactly what Frost had in mind. According to biographer Larry Finger (1978), Frost once told an audience, â€Å"You have to be careful of that one; it’s a tricky poem - very tricky† (478) when referring to â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† While the conceptual metaphor still applies, a close reading of the textual cues of the poem indicate that Frost is not recommending which road should be selected, only providing a warning that, once selected, it is impossible to know what might have been missed had one followed the other way. Generally speaking, a conceptual metaphor is defined as a metaphor â€Å"that is so basic in the way people think about something that they fail to perceive that it is a metaphor† (â€Å"Conceptual Metaphor†, 2007). It is an idea that is brought forward by Lakoff and Johnson that illustrates that this connection is made at such a deep level that it cannot be avoided. â€Å"Lakoff and Johnson revealed, through theoretical argument supported by empirical investigation, the centrality of metaphor to thought exemplified in the ubiquity of metaphorical forms in everyday, conventional language† (Bailey, 2003). In other words, it is the means by which we are able to discuss our ideas and beliefs with others, which requires a shared language and cultural base and serves as a means by which we define ourselves. â€Å"Accordingly, we talk about things the way we conceive of them, and this is fashioned through and grounded in experience and culture: our basic conceptual s ystem ‘is fundamentally

A science column Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A science column - Essay Example We have to charge our cell phones whenever they are exhausted of energy/power. This we have to do by using electricity and we wonder how electricity and the cell phones are related such that we are able to communicate with people far away from us once the two have been fused together. Sometimes, we have magnets which attract certain things such s iron materials and other types of magnetic materials. We wonder where such force of attraction is originating from inside the magnet, just a piece of steel or iron. All these fascinations are the results of certain discoveries made some time back in the history of science and have been integrated over time to operate in some ways which actually make life easier and convenient. The relationship between electricity and magnetism can be traced back to the times of the greatest scientists who contributed so much to the development of electricity ad electric discoveries such as Michael Faraday and Ampere. This paper will look at the integration b etween the two laws developed by Michael Faraday and Ampere to explain the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Michael Faraday developed a law which tried to explain this relationship by drawing a connecting line between electric transfers and magnetism. The laws can be defined in terms of electromotive force (emf), the force believed to be the driving force of an electric current, as Faraday notes. The law states that: â€Å"A time- changing magnetic flux though a closed circuit induces an emf in the circuit.† (Sadiku) Faraday’s electromagnetic induction can be divided into two laws which are however related to each other and tries to explain the flow and the induction of magnetism in a substance. The first law states that: â€Å"whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an emf is induced which is called the induced emf, if the circuit is closed, current is also induced which is called the induced current.† (Sadiku) The second law states that â€Å"the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages whereby the flux linkage is the product of the number of turns of the coils n and the flux associate with it.† (Sadiku). According to this law, the number of turns in the coil will then determine the amount of current flowing through the wire and vice versa as shown in the diagram. This emf only last as long as the magnetic current within the circuit continues to change. In this way Faraday developed a law which describes the electromagnetic induction whereby, an electric field is usually induced or created by a changing magnetic field. When current flows in a solenoid wounded around a magnetic material, the material becomes magnetized and this creates the potential difference. It is this difference which keeps the current flowing from one point to another. The emf developed is the force that works against the electric potential commonly referred to as the voltage. The common voltage in dry cell s is 1.5 and has the electric potential moving from the positive electrode t

Literature- Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature- Poetry - Essay Example Easily understanding the conceptual metaphor that life is a journey, when applied to the poem, those who choose to look beyond the imagery determine that the poem is telling us that individuals should strive to follow their own path in life rather than attempting to follow the paths that have been mapped out for them by others. It isn’t bad advice, but it isn’t exactly what Frost had in mind. According to biographer Larry Finger (1978), Frost once told an audience, â€Å"You have to be careful of that one; it’s a tricky poem - very tricky† (478) when referring to â€Å"The Road Not Taken.† While the conceptual metaphor still applies, a close reading of the textual cues of the poem indicate that Frost is not recommending which road should be selected, only providing a warning that, once selected, it is impossible to know what might have been missed had one followed the other way. Generally speaking, a conceptual metaphor is defined as a metaphor â€Å"that is so basic in the way people think about something that they fail to perceive that it is a metaphor† (â€Å"Conceptual Metaphor†, 2007). It is an idea that is brought forward by Lakoff and Johnson that illustrates that this connection is made at such a deep level that it cannot be avoided. â€Å"Lakoff and Johnson revealed, through theoretical argument supported by empirical investigation, the centrality of metaphor to thought exemplified in the ubiquity of metaphorical forms in everyday, conventional language† (Bailey, 2003). In other words, it is the means by which we are able to discuss our ideas and beliefs with others, which requires a shared language and cultural base and serves as a means by which we define ourselves. â€Å"Accordingly, we talk about things the way we conceive of them, and this is fashioned through and grounded in experience and culture: our basic conceptual s ystem ‘is fundamentally

Letter of Advice... Interpersonal Communication Essay Example for Free

Letter of Advice Interpersonal Communication Essay This a great article with good advice on how to communicate with your husband, wife or partner for the future. Without Communication there will not be a happy and long lasting result in a marriage. Within reading this article I was able to relate the knowledge with my own marriage of 5 long years. Learning how to communicate within listen as well as my tone and other forms to communicate has been susceptible for us. There has been along hard battle to fight through my ordeal, but the lessons of reading and responding with the actions have been very tolerable. I have had a very bad problem beening lonely after my children went to college and after I closed my business. Drawing more to my husband, I felt he was pulling away from me. There was not a day went by that I feel deeper in a depression without communicating that with him, I just assumed he would have noticed. Now after talking the problem out and with quality time as well things are much better. Being able to relate to â€Å"Many couples think they are communicating with each other†, they are wrong at times, because I was that person. Within the statement, â€Å"Romantic relationships begin with a lot of sharing and excitement, (Terri Orbuch) I feel this is very true, because that’s why you get married. But, as time goes on other things take place within priorities before you mate. I blame this on life sometimes. Self-disclosure really is an important key to having satisfaction in a marriage even or a relationship, because it is an act of verbally or nonverbally revealing information about you to others. Within revealing your true thoughts and self you may allow other people to know the â€Å"real you† and not your public personality, which often leads to building the relationship to higher levels of communication. Self-disclosure is what your spouse will be entitled to that knowledge. When it comes to gender differences, there really is a level of expression that women and men have to different. When you make a connection and are able to understand how interpersonal communication works, you are better able to express and reveal information about the inner you. I have noticed that my husband keeps a lot of things bottled up on the inside and I really try to get him to talk about things. But within recognizing my husband’s stand on issues, I don’t push too hard. Gender roles are even greater over the years as men and women both have trouble in expressing their feelings, but if we learn to communicate better things will be easier. After all, we just want to be loved and cared for by our spouse. Unfortunately, I believe I have loved, lost, and lived to love again through our time together. I believe with time, exploring, and the use of self-disclosure that my husband and I will find our way back to an exciting new beginning to share with our extended family through generalization. I fit into the category because many relationships are typical. All arguments and issue seems to be the same, only to be in a different scenario. Communication plays a valuable role in our relationships one that leads to a long-lasting and healthy marriage. Some good advice is to make the best of every opportunity while having fun and loving the person you are with right now.

Construction Essays Road Works Equipment

Construction Essays Road Works Equipment Road Works Equipment Road Works Equipment/Compaction/Asphalting Executive Summary Roads are the lifeline of any economically vibrant nation. In this perspective, the road works equipment assumes a special significance as it not only impacts the overall quality of roads in a country, but also influences the economies associated with the construction and maintenance of roads. Road works equipment is a billion dollar industry that is growing and expanding at an exponential pace. The construction and maintenance of roads involves many technical and procedural nuances that demands special procedures and specialities. The purpose of this report is to analyse these micro and macro details associated with road works equipment and to delineate the role played by the modern road works equipment in the dynamics and economics of road works Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers The contemporary road works equipment has completely altered the way road works companies conceptualize and plan their work and the way they allocate their resources. Traditionally speaking, the road works industry has been a labour intensive and capital intensive venture, a factor that significantly added to the costs of the construction and maintenance of roads. In such a scenario, the allocation of scarce resources and manpower used to become a cumbersome task that added to the complexity of the road works operations. One objective of this study is to delineate the changes and contrasts in the earlier practices and the modern day practices. Not only this report mentions the major companies, manufacturers and suppliers of road works equipment but also takes a look into the hire, purchase and leasing arrangements feasible in this industry. Introduction The road works and highway maintenance has become a field of astute specialization in itself. Hence all the aspects of this business are undergoing through a process of refinement and specialization with the passage of time. The way road works operations were managed in the past are a complete contrast to the ways things are done today. With the advent of mechanization in all the aspects of construction industry in the last few decades, the road works equipment has assumed a special significance and importance of its own. The main task before this report is to compare and contrast the earlier practices in the road works operations with the contemporary trends and practices. Though the roads always played a special significance in the economic and cultural well being of a nation, their importance has increased manifold in the new liberalized and globalized economic scenario. With the advent of trading blocks like the European Union (EU) on the scene, the roads have become a vital instrument of change and harmonization. The unprecedented increase in the number of automobiles over the years has necessitated the need for improvisation and ingenuity in the road works industry. Till the last few decades, the road works procedures in Europe were primarily capital intensive and labour intensive. A major chunk of the budgetary allocations in the road works assignments were set aside for the labour costs and the purchase of road works equipment. This massive augmentation into the costs of factors of constructio n unleashed a revolution into the road works equipment industry. It is well said that necessity is the mother of invention. Till now the manual approach in the road works operations was not only compromising on the quality of roads, but also coasted immensely in terms of time and assets. Soon a need was felt that the salient aspects of the road work aught to be mechanized by using the innovative and specialized equipment. This vital need was catered to by the companies specializing in the road works equipment. The impact of this change was felt acutely in the major road works tasks like compaction and asphalting. The new equipment not only saved much time and money but also performed the above mentioned tasks with an enhanced efficacy and refinement. The specific objective of this report is to deliberate on the changes unfolded by the arrival of mechanized procedures and new equipment. This new approach towards road works definitely increased the efficiency and savings associated with all the procedures. Discussion Innovation and specialization are the hallmarks of the scientific and economic development. Roads are an important aspect of the economic and cultural development. This aspect of the national growth has certainly undergone rapid and multifarious changes in terms of technological and procedural inputs. The way road works operations were planned and carried on in the past are definitely a far cry to the modern state of the art road works techniques and equipment. Today the roads are expected to satisfy a number of criteria and expectations which were never heard of and expected in the days of the yore. It will be really interesting to delve on the compromises and contrasts between the earlier practices and the modern day practices. 3.1 Earlier and Modern Day Practices Roads always played a special significance in the British financial, cultural and social life. The British rulers always paid a special attention to the roads and well understood their relevance in maintaing and upholding the economic and cultural growth in this vibrant nation. However, the roads of the yore were predominantly un asphalted and narrow and though they successfully catered to the needs and the aspirations of the times, they were no match to the modern metalled roads that were designed to meet the realities of industrial revolution and economic growth. The invention of automobiles and the industrial revolution proved to be a turning point so far as the history of road works is concerned. The new automobiles and transportation vehicles demanded very different types of roads, the construction of which required special features and procedures. This need gave birth to the nascent road works industry that was later to evolve into an important and vital aspect of the British business and cultural life. The new roads needed to be compact and levelled, the achievement of which required procedures like asphalting and compaction. In the earlier times, these procedures were performed mostly manually and were predominantly labour intensive. The crews associated with compaction tasks had to hustle to get their jobs done and open the roads to traffic. These compaction procedures performed manually required large amounts of time and investments. This augmented the public pressure to minimize the time spent with lane closures and traffic disruptions. These compaction procedures were mostly performed using bulky road rollers that produced nearly 2400 vibrations per minute and influenced the quality of roads. Thus the outcome achieved also proved to be flawed and not as per the ideal quality requirements. However, the advent of modern equipment has drastically changed the things. Today there are available the highway compactors that yield a miniscule 4000 vibrations per minute (ZOOM Info, 2008 ). This enables the construction crews to control the impact per foot that definitely magnifies the smoothness and the density of roads. The new compactors also enable the construction companies to perform the jobs well before the expected time limits and have minimized the frequency and time of lane closures and resultant traffic disruptions. As was with compaction, so stands true for the awesome task of asphalting. The process of asphalting involves paving the roads with a mixture of gravel and asphalt. This primarily involved the twin procedures of mixing and paving of asphalt. The asphalt mixing equipment used in the past was primarily manual and thus did not allow the mixing of asphalt as per the desired proportions and density. The modern asphalt mixing machines are totally automatic and allow the road works crew to choose the density and viscosity of the asphalt mixture as per their requirements (APELLC, 2008). This has certainly revolutionized the concept of road works. So also stands true for the bothersome task of asphalt paving. The asphalt laying and paving today is no more done manually as was the practise in the past. Today there are available such machines that perform the task of asphalt paving and laying at one go and that too automatically. This not only helps in constructing smoother and flawless roads b ut also allow the road works crews to achieve pavements pf desired thickness and with. Though the road works industry is a vital constituent of the national growth, the fact is that like any other business it is a business and has to abide by the norms and aspirations expected of all the successful ventures. Like other industries, the road works industry also aspires to cut down on its time related commitments and investments, modernize and automate its operations and use its finances to the optimum level. The road works ventures of today are way apart from the practises of the past in the sense that the usage of modern road works equipment and accessories enables them to achieve efficiency and savings which was not possible with the predominantly manual road works procedures of the past. The advent of modern road works equipment especially in the segment of asphalting and compaction has totally revolutionized the contemporary road works industry. 3.2 Major Companies/Manufacturers/Suppliers Today their exist many companies in the world that specialize in the manufacturing and supply of increasingly sophisticated and automated road building equipment that is in tandem with the changing industry needs (SED, 2008). Especially considering the lack of skilled labour in this industry in the West, the services rendered by these companies are increasingly in demand. Some of the major road works equipment manufacturers and suppliers are; Caterpillar Tadano Haulotte Group Ingersoll-Rand Company JCB Inc. Multiquip Inc. Stone Construction Equipment Inc. Dynapac Prater-Sterling Sebright Products Inc. Reynolds Industrial L.P. 3.3 Methods of Procurement Road works industry is primarily a capital intensive industry that needs the optimal utilization of the assets at its disposal. Hence it prefers to procure its equipment using a spectrum of methods like procurement, hiring, outsourcing, purchasing, purchasing on instalments and leasing. Hence most of the major companies dealing in the road works equipment offer a range of options and facilities to their customers. This not only ensures the optimum utilization of scarce resources but also enforces customer loyalty, brand preference and accountability in the long run. 3.4 Drivers and Barriers The recent upsurge in the number of automobiles and the stringent pollution norms has necessitated the up gradation of the existing roads throughout the developed world. The economic boom in Asia and South America has also motivated most of the international road works companies to shift their operations to these lucrative climes. This has enhanced the demand for the road works equipment related to compaction and asphalting. However, the availability of cheap unskilled labour and a shortage of skilled labour in Asia and Europe are hampering the introduction of sophisticated road works equipment. The recent recessionary trends in the West and the upsurge in the oil prices are also proving to be a major barrier to the expansion and growth of road works equipment industry. 4.0 Conclusion The introduction of the sophisticated road works equipment and machinery has definitely altered the face of road works industry. Courtesy the better and accurate compaction and asphalting machines, the quality of roads has improved drastically along with the optimal achievement of requisite economies and parameters. Considering the latest statutory guidelines pertaining to pollution in the developed world and the economic boom in the Asia and South America, the market for the road works equipment is expected to expand further. However, the road works industry being strictly capital intensive, the companies involved will have to offer a wide spectrum of procurement options and facilities to its customers. References Asphalt Paving Equipment, APELLC, viewed 17 July 2008, Industrial Machinery, ZOOM Info, viewed 17 July 2008, SED The National Event for Construction, viewed 17 July 2008,