Separating Selected Metal Cations

Chemistry 266 Dominick Armstrong 10/10/2012 Acid-Base Titration Introduction Acid and bases are two important classes of compounds that react to form a salt and water. When mixing acids and bases a precise amount of the base must be added in order to reach the equivalence point. At this point, one reactant has been exactly consumed by the addition of the other reactant. When performing chemical reactions chemist use a process called titration to determine the equivalence point of the reaction.Once the equivalence point is known then chemist can correctly determine the amount the concentration of the acid and the base. In this experiment acid-base titration will be used to determine the concentration of HCl at equilibrium when it reacts with the NaOH H+ (aq)+ Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- >H2O(l) + Na+ (aq)+ Cl- (aq) Procedure When performing this experiment one must first obtain and wear goggles. Next add 40mL of distilled water to a 100mL beaker, then add 5. 00mL of HCl to the beaker. T hen obtain 40mL of 0. 1M NaOH.Place the NaOH in a 60mL reagent reservoir and drain a small amount into a 250mL beaker to fill the tip. Connect the Ph sensor to the LabQuest and set up the drop counter. Then calibrate the titrant by adjusting the reservoir tip to and letting the NaOH slowly drain into a graduated cylinder until 9 or 1o ml has been recorded. After the LabQuest has been calibrated discard the solution. The assemble the titration apparatus as shown in the picture below. Place the HCl solution onto the magnetic stirrer and slowly titrate the NaOH into the solution.Start the data collection to calculate the volume of NaOH is added when the solution reaches its equivalence point. Then right down the calculations and disassemble the apparatus. Discussion My lab group and I completed this experiment doing two trials. We found that both trials were concluded with similar results. In trial 1 we found that the volume of NaOH added to the solution was 4. 01ml before the largest pH increase, and 4. 05mL after. We calculated the volume at the equivalence point to be 4. 03mL. We found there were 4. 3Ãâ€"10-4 moles of NaOH and 4. 03Ãâ€"10-4 moles of HCl. Then we calculated the concentration of the HCl to be . 08 moles per liter. In trial 2 we found 4. 951mL of NaOH was added before the increase and 4. 992mL after. The volume at the equivalence point was 4. 971mL. There were 4. 971Ãâ€"10-4 moles of HCl and 4. 971Ãâ€"10-4 moles of NaOH. The concentration of HCl was found to be . 094 moles per liter. We found the average concentration to be . 08971M. Although the results of both trial in the experiment were similar the results were not exactly the same.The mistake may have come from an error in measuring the HCl and distilled water. More HCl may have been added because we did not have an accurate pipet bulb. We used a graduated cylinder to add the HCl, and may have had a more or less HCl than what was needed in the experiment. Conclusion The results of this e xperiment show that titration is an effective way to find the concentration of reactants in an acid base reaction. Using the titration helped my group accurately calculate the volume of NaOH that was added to the solution, and helped us to correctly determine the correct concentrations.

The Message in Girl in Translation

There always have been immigrants since the early days in the United States. The number of immigrants continues to grow throughout periods of time. â€Å"As in 2006, the number of immigrants is 37. 5 million. After 2000, immigration to the United States numbered approximately 1,000,000 per year. A recent survey by Gallup showed that there are about 165 million adults worldwide named the United States as their top country where they would like to migrate permanently† (Immigration, Wikipedia).What is the reason why there are such a large number of people wanting to go to America, even though they are well aware of the difficulties awaiting for them there? Girl in Translation is one of the books that can help to answer the above question as it tells the story of Kimberly, an immigrant in America. Through Kimberly, I can see that despite many hardships, an immigrant can still achieve the American dream of a better life through hard work, persistency, and determination. Like most o f the immigrants, the first difficulty Kimberly and her mother encountered in America is the language barrier and the culture shock.They arrived from Hong Kong with little English which became a serious problem for Kimberly when she started school. On her first day at school, she could not understand what Mr. Bogart was saying, he was angry at the things she did not understand, he thought she was a cheat and gave her a zero (25-27). Kimberly must have been very afraid and humiliated. Back home at Hong Kong, she had been the top student of her class, she was used to receive praise and prizes from her teacher, but now, she thought that she was â€Å"a stupid student with a weight on [her] heart†. The American culture was a far cry different from Kimberly’s culture.She was taught to show respect to the teachers by sitting straight with hands folded behind her backs, standing up when spoken to and addressing Mr. Bogart sir. However, these gestures are not common in America and they seemed to make Mr. Bogart think that Kimberly was mocking him. The other hardship Kimberly and her mother had to endure in their first years in America was their living condition. They arrived from Hong Kong with nothing but debt. That debt was to no one else other than her aunt Paula. There was a saying: â€Å"Blood is thicker than water†, but unfortunately, this saying was not true in Kimberly’s case.Her aunt thought that Kimberly and her mother owned her a life debt that could never been repaid, because she had brought them to America (256). She gave them an illegal place to live. The author described the way they lived so vividly that filled the readers with emotion. Their apartment was in a terrible state. It lacked heat and real furniture. The wind can blow through the windows where â€Å"the windowpanes were missing or cracked† in the middle of New York City winter. They had to live under the same roof with roaches and mice running around. They had to keep the oven on during the winter days as it was their only source of heat.They had to cover their body with layer and layer of clothes but still, that was not warm enough. What really helped her family survive that winter was the cloth used to make stuffed animal in the toy factory trash. They wanted to take the warm material home right away but they were afraid of being late for work. It is very emotional when they kept worrying that other people might take it, that it might not be there when they finished their job. The material, which only was trash to other people, was really a treasure to them, made them â€Å"laugh with joy†.I could not help feeling sad for them when reading this scene: We must have been a funny sight, dressed up at home as tow large stuffed animals, but we didn’t have the luxury of minding. Since then, I have wondered if we would have survived the winter without that gift from the gods. The material was heavy and carpet like, not having been intended as clothing, and when I slept under our new blankets, I woke with my limbs aching from the weight. However, at least they covered our entire bodies at once, unlike the piles of clothes we’d used in the past, and they were warm (77).To earn a living, Kimberly and her mother worked at the clothing factory managed by Aunt Paula’s husband. Due to the author’s superb description technique, readers can imagine and have a clear image of the factory and feel the need and desperation from the people who work there. The immigrants were working in an unhealthy environment, they are always covered with sweat and fabric dust, they were â€Å"deafened by the roar of a hundred Singer sewing machines†. They had to stay all night when there was a shipment going out. They were paid 1 to 2 cents a piece, which is illegal.There were other children like Kimberly working at the factory, they all hoped to help their parents finish their work earlier and earn some more money. Some of these children would finally end up replacing their parents to work in the factory while their children, like them, would come to help. It was the circle of the factory life that many immigrants could not escape. Kimberly’s mother did not want this to happen to her child, she said to Kimberly: Most people never leave this life. It’s probably too late for me. My days of being a refined music teacher are over.That’s what a parent is for, to do whatever is necessary to give her child a good life. But you, don’t forget you were the smartest student our primary school in Hong Kong had ever seen. Nothing can change how bright you are, whether your current teacher knows it or not. Most important, nobody can change who you are, except for you (48). Then, Kimberly said: â€Å"I’m going to get us both out of here, Ma, I promise. † (48) She had a great desire to save her mother and she from this miserable life filled with backbreak ing labor. She decided to use her talent for school to make that dream come true.First of all, she needed to perfect her English. Therefore, she bought a dictionary, which cost a fortune, and â€Å"try to memorize all the words†. She borrowed books from the library, began with â€Å"the embarrassingly thin ones for little kids† (86). She was good at math and science but she had to struggle with other subjects that contained too much English. While the other kids in her class were giving up when they had trouble with Mr. Bogart, Kimberly tried harder at school because she wanted the accomplishment of a top student again as well as she realized that education was the only way to escape the factory life.Her hard work resulted in her scholarship to Harrison school, where she could develop her learning ability to the fullest. And finally, she was given a full scholarship to Yale. Kimberly was a strong girl. This side of her personality was proven when she fought Luke, the b ully in the sixth grade. She did not run, instead she strengthened her mindset by thinking that her ancestor was one of the greatest warriors and so was she. Besides, she thought that if she did not solve this problem right away, it would follow her day after day (90-91). This was exactly the way she fought against her situation.She did not run from it and give up. She would go to school and tried to be an exceptional student, regardless of her weak English and being out of place with other students. Then she would go to work at the factory and do her homework at night. Kimberly was very tolerant to these hardships. There is no success without any sacrifice. Kimberly’s greatest sacrifice was giving up Matt and raised their son alone. It was selfish of her when depriving her son of the right of knowing his father. However, I cannot blame her. Matt could have been a block to her success as he did not share Kimberly’s ambition for a brighter future.Matt told Kimberly to s tay in China town and not go to Yale. Matt was old-fashioned and he thought that the man was the person to support the family, not the other way round. He just cared about the present when he and Kimberly were happy and that was enough (266-67). Matt said: â€Å"Kimberly, my climbing can’t reach your heights (226). † Matt seemed tough on the outside but he lacked the fighting spirit, the willpower to fight against his situation. He accepted his life in China town even though it is a not very good living condition. He already gave up school to work full time.Matt could not look far into the future; he did not have Kimberly’s ambition for a better future and her desire to get out of their poor life. Through Matt and Kimberly, readers can see that while many immigrants are caught up in the challenges of cultural and financial difficulties of life, the one that are able to get out of their situations is achieved through education and hard work. Kimberly took a bette r choice of working toward her long-termed goal. She sacrificed her love, and was able to overcome that through determination and great willpower for the hope of building a better future and getting out of her current situation.Girl in translation is a typical story of an immigrant. Just like Kimberly, many immigrants have a great desire to become successful, as they know how it is to live in poverty. As long as they work hard and have determination, they can make that dream come true as America is the land of opportunity. Education was the way Kimberly chose to get out of the hardship. The other immigrants can also choose this way to become success since America has one of the best education systems in the world.

Labor Practices Paper Essay

Many companies are using sweat shops to manufacture their products at a much cheaper cost. However, there is a much deeper cost of using sweat shops then what can be placed in monetary value. I think it is time people begin to consider what sweat shops are doing to the people in this world and how dangerous they can be. Sweat shops may save companies money, but you do not want your company exposed on the news because your sweat shop in Bangladesh caught fire and killed 1,000 employees because fire safety regulations were not met. Sweat shops are used to describe a subcontracting system where the middle man earns profits from the margin between what they were paid and what they paid out to their workers. That margin is referred to be sweated from the employees due to them receiving minimal pay, working long excessive hours, and in unsafe, hazardous working conditions. Companies will find smaller, poorer countries that have little to no regulations as far as safety and pay go to establish these sweat shops in. They pay their employees as much in a month as what many of us would make in a day. They are also forced to work extensively long hours in conditions that are extremely hazardous to their health. There are a high number of easily preventable deaths every year due to these sweat shops not meeting safety and health regulations. The contractors and managers of these establishments are also notorious for  being highly abusive to their employees both mentally and physically. They would also target women and children for employment in sweat shops as they were manipulated much more easily than men. Also, they were much less likely to retaliate against the managers. Sweat shops often force people into working in these conditions. The people have no choice but to do so as they have families to take care of and without these sweat shops work would be placed elsewhere leaving them without any work at all. Many companies, especially in the clothing industry, are using these sweat shops to increase profits, lower cost to customer, and compete with other companies. Consumers still buy into the product regardless that it is made in such a dangerous environment where people lose their lives. There was an approximate total of 1,500 sweat shop garment worker deaths in 2012. However, companies are still using sweat shops because it does not affect the consumer’s choice to buy their product, their prices are decreased, and they are selling more product. Larger corporations and companies in other countries have paved the way for sweat shops. Other companies are beginning to play a hand in this as they are looking for ways to compete with the companies already doing so. Companies in other countries can easily influence other companies into placing sweat shops in their locations due to minimum safety and labor law requirements. Consumers should seriously consider researching the products you use and determining where they come from, how they were made, and what type of environment were they made in. Consumers should then stop purchasing items made from those companies using sweat shops to produce their product. Do you really think the shirt your wearing was worth 1,500 people dying in 2012? Laws should also be implemented that hold these companies responsible for these workers wages and working conditions. It is the contractor’s responsibility to do this so companies can easily hide behind these contractors. By enforcing these laws we would significantly reduce this problem. Companies still may chose to manufacture their product in another country but those workers would now be receiving adequate pay along with a  safe work environment without the long, extensive hours. In 1999, California passed Assembly Bill 633, which is a law that holds garment manufacturers and retailers responsible for employee wages and safety. I think it is understandable why companies chose to do this as they are trying to save money, however this can still be done without the use of sweat shops. Products can still be manufactured at a lower cost in other countries without forcing employees to work for inadequate pay and in unsafe conditions working long exhausting hours. Major retailers could really get the ball rolling for reducing the amount of sweat shops used. Smaller companies and the competition would no longer have to resort to sweat shops if they were able to compete with these major corporations that do use them. So, we should keep in mind next time we are clothes shopping at the mall. We should consider what products may have resulted in someone losing their life to manufacture. It’s true, sweat shops reduce costs. However, like I said at the beginning of this paper, it is a cost that cuts much deeper than anything that can be placed into monetary value. References: http://www.laborrights.org/industries/apparel https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~nshah/fashioncrimes/Sweatshops.html

Summarize and assess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summarize and assess - Essay Example In this note, Vattimo also emphasized that metaphysics have no place in this dialogue since metaphysics have already taken the path of interpreting their knowledge that is limited on scientific knowledge and approach—with it are very defined scientific system of belief and tradition i.e. objectivism. At the latter part of his discussion, Vattimo concluded that Christianity should not be tied down on just one entity—which is always is the stereotypical perspective, particularly with Roman Catholicism. The concept of harmonious living, of everything that is good, ethical, and moral must be a sense of charity we feel for one another. And when there is the presence of God, there is Charity (Caputo & Vattimo, p. 45). Thus, when we choose not to clash with one another, that means we are being charitable, thus we are being Christians. Ergo, we profess Christianity in a non-religious perspective. One of the many critical arguments that Vattimo presented in his premise, towards his discourse on proving his point of a nonreligious Christianity is the importance of knowledge and its subjectivity. â€Å"In anything I must choose a perspective.† Science deliberately limited their knowledge because they devoid themselves of their private interests that does not concern their science (p. 27). Though science’s claims of objectivity had help put a finite order in our daily lives, it is clear that Vattimo have efficiently excluded metaphysics in his discourse because Christianity as a philosophical discourse could not be pursued with objectivity. Another critical point that Vattimo made is that knowledge is culturally dictated, as well as the use of language. Therefore, interpretation is also culturally defined. The use of language as a part of a cultural system means that it has its own rules. As he cited, he could be praying the Lord’s Prayer, yet speaking on a spiritual language. Because Vattimo’s discourse is

Movie Review - The Hurt Locker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Movie Review - The Hurt Locker - Essay Example Kathryn Ann Bigelow is an American film director, producer; TV plays director as well as a screenwriter. Her famous movies and screenplays include Near Dark (1987), Point Break (1991), Strange Days (1995) and the Hurt Locker (2008). Bigelow is famous in print and electronic media community for inconceivable visuals and heart-pounding action sequels. Her unique concepts depicted in movies make her different and stand out from many other directors of Hollywood. Being one of the today’s most enthralling directors, she started her film career with a short movie The Set Up in 1978 in which she focused on violence in the society. In 1989, she made her first studio project public, Blue Steel. Though the movie received criticism for weak plot and violence by some of the critics at the same time, it gathered a lot of praise for its imagery and real time screen effects (Deborah and Sean 65). Bigelow tried TV screen as well in 1993 and directed a number of television crime dramas/serials like Homicide; Life on the Streets and The Weight of Water. Her later project was The Hurt Locker which won numerous awards including BAFTA Award for best director and best film. After having a complete success in Hurt Locker, Bigelow directed her next movie Triple Frontier which was a joint venture of Bigelow and Mark Boal.The story was originated by Mark Boal, who was a freelance journalist, paid by American Govt to cover/accompany an American Bomb Squad operating in Iraq after the war had ended.

Pleasant Airways Preliminary Marketing Plan Research Paper

Pleasant Airways Preliminary Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The proposed airline’s mission is to revolutionize airline industry. As a new establishment, the airline will come with brilliant strategies to help in making the clients to have pleasant experiences while traveling. For a very long time, airline users have been treated to a straining booking and reservation process that has made many people to move from one service provider to another. With the coming of this new airline, no one will ever complain of the quality of services offered by the airline companies. The clients are treated with all the dignity and priority that they deserve. The company will employ a team of well-trained and experience staff to handle clients and treat them in a friendly manner. At the same time, the company will use modern aircrafts manned by experts to ensure that the clients get the only opportunity ever to enjoy and have a comfortable journey. Their safety will be guaranteed (Pinson, 2004).As anew entrant in the airline industry, the company will have to contend the stiff competition in the market. Potential threats will be expected to come from seasoned American airlines such as American Airline, US Airways, Delta Airline, Air Canada, United Airlines, JetBlue Airways and Virgin America Airline. These are established companies that now enjoy a larger share of the market. So, they are the ones who will pose a very stiff competition to this new airline.The strengths of the company are that it will use highly qualified professionals to conduct its operations.

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Nursing - Essay Example Lack of confidence within ER is dangerous given that a nurse is expected to have good assessment skills in gathering patient history and physical assessment and results to poor determination of the right urgency levels to be applied to deal with emergency patients and this could result to complications or death (Manton, 2004). The delivery of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy to ER nurses aims at assisting nurses in attaining a more balanced picture to replace upsetting thoughts about traumatic events especially if such thoughts are distorted or irrational. ER nurses are expected to pay attention to detail and remain calm under pressure (Pegels, 2003). Through PSTD therapy, the ER nurse understands that their role involves urgent life-or-death situations daily and calm is needed to work with specific treatments. Working and managing staff that are older and more experienced staff in the ER is hard. In most cases, conflicts arise in problem resolution and this may delay attendance to the patient before arriving at a consensus. The experienced nurses’ belief their way is tested and bears more weight unlike that from novice nurses (Pegels,

Law of Criminal Evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of Criminal Evidence - Case Study Example This includes any informal chat with police officers and contradictory to popular belief, right to silence has not been abolished.7 In recent years it has been endangered so that a magistrate can draw adverse inference from the silence. Adrian, taken to Police Station on the suspicion of murdering wife Sandra, had informed his solicitor that he had been drinking heavily. According to solicitor's advice, Adrian keeps silent during interrogation. During trial, he testifies that he kept silent on solicitor's instructions as he was under influence of alcohol and could have accused himself8. Again his testimony that he killed Sandra under provocation of her having an affair creates a controversy. If he was going to testify so, in what way he could have accused himself more than that One wonders at the necessity of remaining silent during interrogation. No doubt it provided him time to frame his evidence; but his confession to crime contradicts the relief provided by being silent9 and it is not his role to assist the police to build up a case against him and it is always better to say nothing if in doubt and it does not prove Adrian's guilt. Right exists to avoid self-incrimination and it extends from the moment free movement is terminated either by arrest or by being in police station, till the end of trial. It cannot be said that is very practical in Adrian's case10 although the background of the case is very important and throw further light. "Whether advice to remain silent is the result of a case specific evaluation or whether it is a strategy applied to classes of case or classes of suspect, or whether it is a general strategy applied by certain types of staff utilised for police station advice by some firm of solicitors11" Terrorism laws have undermined the significance of this right. As it stands, while accused is entitled to remain silent, he is also cautioned that during trial adverse inference could be drawn from such a silence, as being silent due to guilt, or planning to fabricate fiction. In Adrian's case, as what he told the court could have as well been told the police as even dislodging of alibi do not exist here. It could also be argued that he deliberately kept silent to misguide the interrogating officers and prosecution. According to research, protecting others too could be a reason for silence. "Although it is often assumed that guilt is the only significantly occurring motive for silence, the present findings suggest that protecting others is a motive in a small but significant proportion of silence cases12." In May, 2000, a couple convicted on drug charges won legal action in European Court of Human Rights over comments of the trial judge on their silence13. ECHR ruled that their fair trial rights were violated by judge's comments on their silence during interrogation14. As they were suffering from heroin withdrawal symptoms, they were asked by solicitor to remain silent15. Judge had given the option of drawing an 'adverse inference' from their silence. Court also ruled that silence is not an absolute right in all cases even though it is accepted as the most fundamental right of the suspects; but was curtailed by Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Failure to mention fact can be allowed to draw inference. QUESTION 2: Robert who had

Using examples from recent case law, critically evaluate what is meant Essay

Using examples from recent case law, critically evaluate what is meant by 'market access' and the merits and problems of this approach in the area of free movement of goods - Essay Example The main intention of the Articles 28-31 is to stop member states from involving in the quantitative restrictions. It is to be observed that Article 28 can be extended even when there is no discrimination. In the celebrated Cassis de Dijon case, ECJ held that Article 28 can nibble, where the rule prohibits the free flow of products within the EU subject to certain exceptions when the analogues’ rule extends to both imports and domestic products. Hence, discrimination is therefore, an adequate, but not essential, condition for the invocation of Article 28. Thus, the Article 28 can be said to be a mechanism for policing the periphery between the illegitimate and legitimate national regulation, and the nature of this border may well be challengeable. (Craig & Burca 2008:669). Article 34 of the TFEU pertains to Intra –EU imports and bars quantitative limitations and all initiatives having analogues’ impact between member nations. Immediately after the entry into forc e of the Lisbon Treaty, the EC Treaty has been altered and rechristened as the â€Å"Treaty on Functioning of the European Union.† (TFEU). The provisions of free movement of products got new numbering as Article 34-36 from that of 28-30. (Wolf & Stanley 2010:106). Article 23(9) stresses the free movement of products arising in the Member states and goods from third nations, which are in free movement in the Member States. By making EU as a region without internal borders, there has been removal of all barriers for free movement of product through calling off excise and customs’ duties, creating a common external tariff for the whole of the community, the quantitative limits on trade and equivalent steps. (Moens & Trone 2010:57). Market access can be regarded from the angle of both consumer and manufacturer. For the manufacture angle, free movement of their products helps to enter into various national markets with their sole aim of confronting local manufacturers in th e country of import and the derivative aim of permitting economies of scale to be enjoyed. Market access may be a way to an outcome, the outcome being to exploit maximum revenue /turnover for the individual manufacturer and to improve the best possible distribution of resources for the EU as a whole. If Germans are given an opportunity to drink British beer, then some German may prefer it to the British product, than the local product and this is known as market access mechanism. For instance, an airline operating from any member states is having unrestricted and open access to any air routes within the EU as there had been removal of virtually all price and capacity controls. (Doganis 2006:13). Until the Keck and Mithouard case, the Court perused an analysis of the rule of free movement of goods that made liable any national law to an evaluation of proportionality analogues to cost/benefit evaluation. Due to this approach, any public regulation of the market would be under close wa tch, and this kindled deregulation of the market at the national level. (Shaw 2000:332). In Keck and Mithouard case, they marketed the products like Sati Rouge coffee and Picon beer in France at a price which is well below the wholesale-price or at a loss. There had been a bar in selling products at a loss under French law, prosecution against them was initiated. Keck and Mithouard defended that French law was incompatible with the Article 28

The Architecture of the Lincoln Memorial Research Paper - 1

The Architecture of the Lincoln Memorial - Research Paper Example In the United States, the Lincoln Memorial stands as just such a monument, speaking eloquently not only about the man to whom it is dedicated but also to the ideas he espoused during his years as President of a war-torn and very briefly as a reunited country. The architecture of the structure itself is sufficient to convey the sense of strength and stability that Lincoln represented a country attempting to fly apart at the seams. Designed by architect Henry Bacon, the building is constructed primarily of marble blocks with limestone columns in the style of an ancient Greek temple. The Doric columns, 44 feet tall and nearly 7.5 feet in diameter at their base, convey supreme strength of purpose and steadying support [do you have a source for this opinion/statement?]. The building commemorates Lincoln’s efforts to maintain the Union primarily through these columns. There are 36 columns supporting the ceiling of the memorial, each one of which stands for one of the 36 states that comprised the re-united nation at the time of Lincoln’s death, complete with the name of the state to which the column is dedicated engraved into it (â€Å"Lincoln Memorial†, 2007). However, the monument wasn’t completed until 1922, by whi ch time the union was comprised of 48 states. Rather than excluding these, the names of the states that joined the union after Lincoln’s death, but before the monument’s completion, are carved into the walls on the outside of the memorial. Finally, the last two states to have joined the United States, Alaska and Hawaii, are commemorated in a plaque located within the approach plaza (â€Å"Lincoln Memorial†, 2007).

Changes in American Family During world war 2 Research Paper

Changes in American Family During world war 2 - Research Paper Example The role of Women in wars had previously started being defined during the First World War, but it became even more pronounced during World War II, when their previous roles in the Army and the war itself definitely changed (Bryant 20). During the First World War, the women role in the war was pretty much reserved to non-combative roles in the army, such as operating switchboards, driving, offering mechanical services to the war tanks and vehicles (Bryant 21). However, after the bombing of the Pearl Harbor, and with eminent shortage of sufficient manpower in the army, the need for women power was once again revived, and it became apparent that the turnabout to the social and family system had knocked the door of the American society, and there was no turning back. The changes introduced in the American social system during the World War II still define the modern family and social structure. Therefore, the period of World War II, was a period when the family experienced the most trans forming structural changes in the history of America. First, the occurrence of the World War II served to uplift the status of women in the American society, such that they gained respect and recognition as an important part of the societal structure (Lamana and Riedmann 13). During the World War II, most able men were recruited and deployed to the military to take part in active combat military roles, as well as other non-combative roles that were still essential for achieving victory by America and its allies. Consequently, women were left to bear all the family responsibilities, which entailed looking after the family and feeding them, and thus â€Å"†¦World War II was a signal event in the history of American consumer culture† (Witkowski 9), considering that many women had not taken active jobs before then. Women were forced to take active roles in seeking and performing jobs, mostly in the industries that were involved in manufacturing the artillery and the ammuniti ons required in the war (Harper 12). Since women had been called upon to join the working force to avert the looming labor force shortages in the manufacturing industries after men were required to join the army, they were required to hand over the same jobs to men after the end of the war, but most women resisted, since there had already arisen the need for working (Bryant 21). It is at this point that women in America were recognized in terms of their contribution economically, through working and supporting their families. This trend is still alive to present day, where many women have taken up active employment roles, instead of staying at home to perform the household chores. The contribution of the American woman to the economy is still high currently; virtually matching that of men. The other aspect through which women gained recognition and respect during the World War II, is through their active engagement in the military roles that were reserved for men in the previous dec ades (Herwing 107). During the World War II, more than a hundred thousand women served in the American Military, forming what according to Bryant came to be †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the Women Army Corps† (7). While previously women were engaged in exclusively non-combative roles in the military, the scenario changed during the World War II, and they became involved in further active war duties such as flying aircrafts. Throughout the World War II period, over 16

The Gathering by Isobelle Carmody Essay Example for Free

The Gathering by Isobelle Carmody Essay The Gathering by Isobelle Carmody portrays the dark side of human nature. It shows that mans behaviour does not vary over long periods of time and across different cultures. It shows that each and every single person has an evil or dark side to them and it is whether they succumb to this evil or follow the paths of light and goodness that decide what kind of person they are. Cheshunt, where the story is set appears to be a fairly normal town. When Nathanial and his mother arrive, Nathanial instinctively knows that something is not quite right. Nathanial is there for a reason. He and the other members of The Chain must learn the power of friendship to defeat the evil Kraken. The dark side of human nature is seen in many characters: Cheshunts headmaster Mr Karle is a truly evil person. Although Mr Karles only role in the community is Deputy Principal of Three North, he has manipulated those who do have a major role in the community into making himself the main power over all Cheshunt. His goal is to become the ruler of the world, starting with Cheshunt. To make sure that The Chain does not defeat him, Mr Karle defeats one member at a time. Mr Karle portrays the dark side of human nature he has attained power that he then uses to control all those around him. He has become corrupted by this power and with it he is able to manipulate the other characters to perform vicious acts. Mr Karle taunts and mocks in an attempt to emotionally destroy those around him he takes pleasure in others emotional pain. He causes distress in Nathanial when he tells him of his cold hearted father who was Insanely jealous. Unstable. Violent (page 263) and how Nathanials mother learnt not to speak to anyone or smile in fear of what his father would do to her. When Mr Karle reminds Indian that his sister is brain damaged because of Indians own mistakes he does this knowing the heartache this will cause. He mocks Nissa calling her unfeminine and unattractive and how no one could love such a creature except out of pity (page 246). Mr Karle defeats one character at a time. He is physically cruel and used force to hurt them. Mr Karle embodies all that is the dark side of human nature, he is cruel both  emotionally and physically Then the Kraken stepped forward and slapped her across the face. A trickle of dark blood ran from the corner of her mouth (page 249). He is corrupted by po wer, he is manipulative and in all this he takes pleasure. He is a true sadist. The dark side in human nature is also portrayed in many of the other characters, this is evidenced in Buddha Isobelle Carmody has used the name Buddha that represents peace and harmony and made him a killer. He burns Nathanials dog, The Tod, who is Nathanials only true friend and Nathanial loves. The match landed in his tail and flames swept forward up over him. Devoured him. He arched and coiled, yelping in pain and fright, and then he screamed, a long inhuman howl of agony and terror.(page 214). When Buddha burns The Tod it is a vicious, cowardly act and is evidence of how dark mans nature can be, that he can murder a poor, defenseless creature that is incapable of fighting back, also that the act was carried out in front of Nathanial to cause him immense grief and feelings of powerlessness. What is even more disturbing is that this is such a real act that could happen in our everyday life. How the people who are in a position to protect us and how they use this authority in a destructive way is also shown. The police, who are supposed to be good and honest are corrupt and evil. They protect the evil leaders and enforce their law, The pamphlet stuck under the door the day we arrived had welcomed us to the neighbourhood and urged my mother to join the Community Committee. It had a lot of by law information and the bit about the curfew was last. It said no one was to be out in the streets after ten at night without a specific reason. (page 20). The police either stood aside and let the people of Cheshunt be intimidated and bullied or were doing the intimidating and bullying themselves. Seth is a part of the chain that is needed to defeat the evil but Seth has given in to his dark side. He has a very weak character. Despite Seth being a brain (page 10), looking like one of those perfect guys off Coke ads (page 10) and coming from a good family, His father is a policeman (page 55) he is pathetic. He is sneaky and drinks alcohol to escape facing  reality. He cant deal with his own problems (his parents are divorced and he cant deal with being in the Chain and the effort it takes to defy Mr Karle) and uses his weaknesses as an excuse to attempt to commit suicide, Seth lay on his back between them, his face dead white. (page 142) He breaks promises You promised, Nissa said icily. (page 138). He also betrays those around him Mr Karle gave Nissa a radiant smile. Got him? But you misunderstand, Nissa. I didnt get Seth. He came to us.' (page 250). Nathanials father is a character who shows that mans dark side does not vary over long periods of time. Nathanials father was a violent jealous man who liked to have complete control over everything. He was jealous of Nathanial and the attention he got from his mother, especially when Nathanial was a baby I had to sometimes hold your mouth to stop the crying (page 264). Mans darkest nature was shown when his father attempted to kill Nathanial, Children should be seen and not heard, he said, and his big hands closed around my neck. And squeezed. (page 247). This is absolute evidence of innate evil that a father could try to murder his own son. In conclusion, The Gathering shows us the dark side of human nature and it is vividly portrayed. It has a realness that shows that evil is present in the past and in the future and is occurring right now, in all parts of our life. It shows that power can corrupt you and consume you absolutely. It also shows us that cruelty, deceit, jealousy and manipulation are just some of the many ways evil can be shown.

The History About The Psychological Egoism Philosophy Essay

The History About The Psychological Egoism Philosophy Essay Psychological egoism, once widely accepted by political economists, philosophers, and psychologists, is a controversial notion. Many agree and disagree with this perspective and the explanations for what motivates humans. Proponents erroneously argue that people are always motivated by their perceived self-interest, including altruistic acts. Through altruistic behaviors, malevolence, self-deception, and theoretical problems, this theory can be disproven. Psychological egoism states that all human actions are motivated by selfish desire. Proponents of this doctrine believe that altruism exists, but only because the consequence of such of act leads to an increase in personal happiness. Therefore, purely altruistic and benevolent acts do not exist; people seem to act in these ways, but their motives are for advancement of self-interest. These psychological egoists consider their theory to be law self-interest is an unavoidable psychological law. An alternate form of psychological egoism, psychological hedonism, relates to Jerry Benthams ideals, the only kind of desire is the desire to get or to prolong pleasant experiences, and to avoid or cut short unpleasant experiences for oneself (Feinberg 167). According to Joel Feinberg there are some points that have made psychological egoism plausible to many people. A staple of this theory is that every action of someone is promoted by his motives which serve to improve his self-interest. This staple is applicable to all actions of humans; therefore, all actions are selfish (Feinberg 167). Proponents also agree that people feel pleasure when they do something they want. Hence, we always strive to experience pleasure and pursue other things only because of the pleasurable consequences it will yield. Self-deception is a fundamental cog in the system of psychological egoism. People often trick themselves into performing a noble act rather than acting in their self-interest. Even a simple smile conceals a motive for personal pleasure a ploy to earn a positive reaction from another human. The tale of Abraham Lincoln and the sow shows fallacy in the psychological egoism statement, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ what we really want in every case is our own pleasure, and that we pursue other things only as a means (Feinberg 170). Psychological egoists claim that Lincoln acted on the sow purely for the selfish pleasure. However, that statement is wrong; pleasure, the by-product of the altruistic act, does not have to indicate that Lincoln acted in self-interest. In reality, pleasure can be used to argue that the act was not in self-interest. In situations in which people gain pleasure from a certain act there must have been a desire for something else. Lincolns desire for the pigs, when fulfilled, understandably provided pleasure. The purpose of Lincolns desire was not pleasure, but instead pleasure was the consequence of Lincoln completing his desired act. This example of Lincoln and the sow shows that, though pleasure resulted from an altruistic act, pleasure is a consequence of desir e for something else. Similar to the disinterested benevolence of Lincoln, disinterested malevolence is unexplainable by psychological egoism. Often those who commit malevolent deeds are acting in opposition of their self-interest in order to do harm to others (Feinberg 170.) A selfish person is concerned with his own self-interests. There have been incidents in which malevolent people injure themselves in order to cause harm to others; this fact is something that psychological egoists struggle to hold in their case. There are no logical mistakes made by a psychological egoist concerning self-deception but it lacks empirically. A soldier who throws himself onto a grenade to save others is self-deceived; he believes he has some duty or virtue to save others. Psychological egoists wrongly generalize self-deception because of its predicted frequency (Feinberg 170). It is impossible to exactly know someones conscious motives to carry out an action. It is even possible for the person himself to be unaware of his motives for an action. However, it is always possible for a psychological egoist to predict that someone is acting in their own self-interest. They are able to do so because it is impossible to exactly know someones motive for something. Although they can make this claim, they cannot support it with empirical data. They lack a serious conclusion to their predictions of self-interest. They are correct in saying someone may be acting in self-interest, but that cannot be empirically supported. Another problem with this theory is its issue with correlative terms. Naturally the complete understanding of a word comes with the comprehension of the correlate. Examples include good-bad, tall-short, and large-small. Common terms in psychological egoism are selfish-unselfish and self-interest-altruism. However there is a flaw with correlative terms in this theory; psychological egoists believe that altruistic behaviors are actually acts of self-interest. This statement is imprecise because it is impossible for a correlate to mean the same as the original term. Big cannot mean small and therefore stating that altruism is the correlate of self-interest is invalid. It is widely accepted that a theory which cannot be proven falsifiable is not credible. Psychological egoism states that all people act in self-interest. This statement keeps people from questioning which actions are in self-interest. If all actions are selfish then selfish actions and actions are synonymous. Because this theory claims to be universal and unfalsifiable it is meaningless. This theory attempts to redefine terms such as altruism and selfishness. These new definitions conflict with our ordinary understandings of the terms. We know altruism to be acts that contribute to welfare of others. We also know selfish acts to be those that focus on the self rather than opposites. Based on these two definitions it seems that the two are antonyms. Conversely, psychological egoists regard these two as near synonyms. Altruistic acts are selfish according to these egoists. How can altruistic acts, which are inherently beneficial to the welfare of others, be acts that have underlying motives for self-interest? That is a question that is difficult for psychological egoists to answer. I believe that because this argument is unfalsifiable, it is irrelevant. A psychological egoist may tell me that my acts can be boiled down to simple motives for self-interest. The most basic principle of this theory is that all human actions, altruistic or not, can be simplified into an act of self-interest. This statement of psychological egoism dooms it; there can be no empirical definition of the theory. Someones motives exist in their mind whether they know it or not, according to this theory. If I attempt to tell them I act for others and not for my self-interest they will tell me that I deceive myself into thinking my acts are noble or virtuous in order to satisfy my needs. If I attempt to tell them I act for others not for my self-interest they will tell me that I deceive myself into thinking my acts are noble or virtuous in order to satisfy my needs. It can never be measured and the self-deception facet of this theory attempts to compensate for the lack of empirical informat ion. Because peoples motives exist in their minds, self-deception accounts for why we do not know we act selfishly. They will explain that what I pursue is pleasure even though I tell myself otherwise. Hence, we can never know when we act selfishly because our motives are naturally hidden. This lack of empirical data is skeptical and not sufficient enough to explain why people act in their own self-interest. It is impossible to make such a bold prediction as psychological egoism does; this theory labels altruistic acts selfish, lacks explanation for malevolent acts, lacks empirical data, defies correlate terms, is unfalsifiable, and invents new definitions for ordinary words. The biggest flaw of psychological determinism is its inability to be proven falsifiable. This theory is not empirically definable. It is a closed argument because every action on earth can be broken down into an act in self-interest and therefore is irrelevant.

Selecting Channel Members

Selecting Channel Members Distribution plays an important role in the implementation of the international marketing program as it enables the products and services to reach the ultimate customer. And international marketing firm has the option of managing its distribution function either directly or indirectly through middleman or a suitable combination of the two. Due to physical distance, and also the differences in geographical, cultural and market characteristics of the trading countries, use of middlemen is found quite prevalent in international marketing. In fact, distribution is one such primary functions of marketing which makes use of the services of external independent agencies that bind the firm in a long term relationship. International Distribution Channels:- Distribution has two elements, the institutional and the physical. Physical distribution aspects cover transport and warehousing. The longer the channel, the more likely that producers profits will be indirectly reduced. This is because the end products price may be too expensive to sell in volume, sufficient for the producer to cover costs. Yet cutting channel length may be impossible, as country infrastructure requirements may dictate them being there. As already mentioned international marketers have the options of organizing distribution of their goods in foreign markets through the use of indirect channels, i.e. Using intermediaries, direct channels or a combination of the two in the same or different markets. Indirect Distribution Indirect channels are further classified based on whether the international marketer makes use of domestic intermediaries. An international marketer therefore, can make use of the following types of intermediaries for distribution in foreign markets. Domestic Overseas Intermediaries Commission buying agents Country-controlled buying agents Export management companies (EMCs) Export merchants Export agents Piggy backing Foreign Intermediaries Foreign Sales Representatives Foreign Sales Agents Foreign Stocking and Non-Stocking Agents State Controlled Trading Companies Direct Distribution The options available to international marketer in organizing direct distribution include sending missionary skies representatives abroad from the headquarter, setting up of local sales/branch office in the foreign country or for a region, establishing a subsidiary abroad, entering into a joint venture or franchising agreement. Companies having long-term interest in international marketing find it expedient to deploy their own sales force in foreign markets. This helps them in increasing their sales volume through committed market development activities, better control and motivation of foreign intermediaries being used, and paving the way for smoother transition to direct distribution and marketing. International Distribution Policy:- The international distribution policy of a firm according to Cateora, should cover the following factors: Question of control, size of margins, length of channels, terms of sale and channel ownership. Resource (money and personnel) commitment plans for the distribution function management keeping profit goals in a foremost position. Specific market goals expressed in terms of volume, market share and margin requirements, to be accomplished. Return on investment, sales volume and long run potential as well as guidelines for solving routine distribution problems, and The relationship between long-and short-term goals, the extent of the companys involvement in the distribution system as well as the extent of its ownership of middlemen. Adapting to distribution patterns Notwithstanding, the international distribution policy of the company, the factor of flexibility to adapt the distribution policy to local conditions of the foreign markets is very crucial for effective results. A clear understanding of the target market characteristics covering aspects such as traditions and conventions in the wholesaling and retail distribution patterns shopping habits of customers including customers reliance on channel members for product information and servicing; commercial terms; and legal requirements help define the selection of channel. The following trends help to illustrate the need to the above analysis for suitable adaptation of the distribution patterns: In the US, there has been a rapid expansion of large supermarkets and other retail chains, and also the deep-vertical integration into wholesale and manufacturing by large retail houses: In Sweden, a powerful consumer-oriented cooperative movement handles a substantial business in food, petroleum, etc. In Mexico, there is a modern retail distribution for the urban people, and traditional outlets and public distribution system exists for the poor. In China, wholesalers mainly control the Chinese distribution system. In Japan, large trading companies, handle half of Japanese trade while a large number of wholesale and retail outlets help products to penetrate in its market. In Saudi Arabia, a small number of hands approved by the royal family control its manufacturer-wholesaler retailer distribution system. Agents in Foreign Markets Agents, known by different names and performing varying functions in different foreign markets, have a historically established place in international distribution. While agents do not take the title to the goods, their importance stems from: local language proficiency, access to important policy and decision-makers, overcoming business culture differences, short circuiting the buying-selling process, and performing the cumbersome formalities and complying with routines and procedures of the foreign market. Selecting Distribution Channels and Channel Members:- Channels are an integrative part of the marketers activities and as such are very important. They also give a very vital information flow to the exporter. A channel is an institution through which goods and services are marketed. Channels give place and time utilities to consumers. In order to provide these and other services, channels charge a margin. The, longer the channel the more margins are added. Within the overall international distribution policy of the firm, the factors of: capital requirements; level of distribution costs; desired extent of control over distribution channel; depth of market coverage; product-market distribution pattern characteristics; competitive practices; legal requirements; and Short-term versus long-term involvement of the firm in international marketing govern the choice of distribution channels. Basically the choice comes down to two alternatives, the producer /seller selling direct or through an international merchant or agent. This is followed by the development of criteria for the selection of specific intermediaries. The criteria generally includes factors as financial soundness, local government contacts, business reputation, distribution network, technical support and infrastructural facilities (esp. relating to heavy industrial goods), business experience and managerial expertise, commercial terms, and extent of exclusivity to the international marketer. As the selection of the channel members commit the marketer to them for a relatively long period of time, their selection involves a cautious process and a careful analysis and referencing. Some international marketers make us of an elaborate process in this regard which begins with relative rating of candidate firms on pre-determined criteria. After the channel member is selected it is a prudent business practice to enter into a written agreement spelling out the scope of commitment to each other and thus minimizing the possibility of disputes and misunderstandings, 5 lists the items that should be included in a typical agreement with the foreign channel members. Items to include in an Agreement with Foreign Channel Members Name and address of both parties Date when the agreement goes into effect Duration of the agreement Provisions for extending or terminating the agreement Description of sales territory Establishment of discount and/or commission schedules and determination of when and how paid. Provisions for revising the commission or discount schedules Establishment of a policy governing resale prices Maintenance of appropriate service facilities Restrictions to prohibit the manufacture and sale of similar and competitive products Designation of responsibility for patent and trademark negotiations and/or pricing The assign ability or non-assign ability of the agreement and any limiting factors Designation of the country and state of contract jurisdiction in the case of dispute Motivation of Channel Members In order to get the best out of the international marketer and channel member relationship it is necessary that economic and non-economic incentives be used for the purpose. It may be emphasized that channel members being independent business entities, their key consideration for relationship is economic. If the channel member does not get an adequate economic return it is unlikely that he will put in his best in the business. In addition, regularity of contact, involvement in goal setting, better understanding of the international marketers business, and provision of assistance in market development or other areas of deficiency of the channel members capability prove useful for getting the channel members more than what they are generally expected to contribute. Robert Douglas Stuart suggests the following ways for strengthening the channel members loyalty: Build your distributor with your company: bring him into your picture; discuss future plans as they affect his area with him, seek his advice. Give your distributor an effective profit margin; try to keep in mind that you want to be in business with him for several years; make him want to continue the relationship. Be sure he has credit terms which make him competitive, or more so, in amount and length of payment. Maintain regular correspondence, and make sure he can clearly understand what you have to say. Make a point of commenting on successful distributors in whatever communication you use in his area (advertising, publicity, sales bulletins, and so on) Control of Channel Members Control of channel members in international distribution though difficult yet is an important aspect of its management. Accomplishment of sales targets, market coverage and development goals, payment schedules, and profit contribution made are some of the factors on which the performance of channel members is appraised and controlled. Constant monitoring, periodic reviews, regular communications and intermittent suggestions help a marketer to control its channel members and keep the marketer-channel member power balance in its favor. Legal requirements and adverse impact on reputation must be given their due weight age if and when the unavoidable decision of termination of channel member is to be taken. International Physical Distribution Management (IPDM):- Ever since globalization transformed the transport sector, national boundaries have become permeable to penetration by trade, creating the need for flexible transport solutions. Intermodalism and containerization were the by-products of this era and were poised to metamorphosis transport of general cargo, moving it `seamlessly through sea and land arteries. Forty years ago, the physical process of exporting or importing goods was arduous. Goods needed to be transported by lorry to the port, unloaded into a warehouse and then reloaded into the ship `piece by piece. The management of physical distribution of goods includes the functions as well as costs associated with packing, order taking and processing, and inventory control. Given the geographical distance, the associated business risks and the variety of transportation modes available, the management of this function poses a difficult challenge so far as the objectives of ensuring ready and regular supply of goods, in foreign markets at the most optimal costs are concerned. Physical Distribution Management, known as the dark continent of marketing offers tremendous potential in cost cutting and improving profitability. It requires the use of a systems approach and the management of the transportation, warehousing and inventory functions in an integrated manner. Containerization `Containerization, the term very familiar to present day shipping industry was a completely unknown concept a few decades back. It was Malcom McLean, owner of a huge trucking company in USA, who first conceived the idea of containerization by transporting. Containers through `Ideal X in 1956 and initiated a revolution in the history of shipping industry. Over the years, the industry has created a separate identity within the shipping world through continuous development and Maersk Lines, PO Nediloyd, Sealand Services (CSX), APL and others have come up as international majors serving customers all over the globe. The growth of containerization in India has been slow and steady. The formation of Container Corporation of India (Concor) as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Railways in 1988 boosted the efforts at increasing containerized traffic in the country. Over the years, volume of container traffic has experienced continuous growth and registered a volume of2.22 million TEUs in 1999-2000 at the major ports of India. A significant number of international container lines are active in India making business through their own office or through selected agents. Amongst the Indian shipping companies, only `The Shipping Corporation of India is active in the international liner business. It has tied up with Zim Navigation of Israel and Yang Ming Line of Taiwan to provide services on international routes. Of the 11 major ports of the country, Jawaharlal NehruPort (JNP) and Mumbai Port have. Established as the gateway ports for container traffic to India having a combined market share of around 60% of the total container traffic. Lack of adequate infrastructure in form of container handling equipment, CFS network and rail network in other ports have led to concentration of container traffic at Mumbai and JNP. Liberalization and privatization policy taken up by the Government of India has resulted into the commissioning of new ports like Adani and Pipavav. The various advantages offered by containerization include: Containers can be loaded and sealed at the consignors premises or at nearby container depot, minimizing the risk of theft. Since the goods are not directly handled during voyage, the risk of damage is minimized. Cargo can be loaded in a matter of hours rather than days the reduction in handling time at ports results in increasing berth capacity. The faster turn-round enables ships to make a higher number of annual voyages and reduces the number of necessary ships. Because of the numerous advantages, both air and water carriers encourage the use of containers by charging lower rates for containerized shipments. Conclusion:- International distribution and sales policy decision is one of the most complex aspect of international marketing management. Along with price and promotion decisions, a decision has to be made on the distribution system. There are two components to this the physical (order processing storage/warehousing and transport) and the institutional aspects. The latter involves the choice of agents, distributors, wholesalers, retailers, direct sales or sales forces. Again, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, it is in the channel of distribution that the international marketer can encounter many risks and dangers. These involve many transaction costs both apparent and hidden. Risks include loss in transit, destruction, negligence, nonpayment and so on. So careful choice and evaluation of channel partner is a necessity. Regular report on foreign markets, foreign visits, and deployment of sales force abroad and, an in-depth analysis of physical distribution cost and obstacles help a firm to streamline its international distribution, offer superior customer service, and keep distribution cost within reasonable limits. Since distribution decisions bind the marketers with their channels for long-term, its implications in terms of costs, flexibility, control and reputation must be examined carefully before committing the decision.

Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay -- Poetry Poets Dickinson Rich

Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich The modernist period, stretching from the late 19th century to approximately 1960, is a very distinct phase in the progression of American literature, employing the use of novel literary techniques which stray away from the traditional literary styles observed in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sexuality (James Baldwin), as well as many others. The Modernist movement, however novel and unique, did not develop spontaneously. A few writers leading up to the movement exhibit obvious modernist views in their writing. These include male writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman, both of which had literature widely published through out their lives, influencing modernist writers to come. There is also, however, another writer who, though lesser known to the earliest modern composers, was one of the first female writers to show an obv ious propensity towards modernist ideals; Emily Dickinson. Though chronologically placed in the Romantic period, Emily Dickinson’s poetry, most published after her death beginning in 1890, exemplifies many modernist tendencies. Her stylistic oddities, such as her interesting diction, capitalization, rhythms, and use of the dash, as well as her feminist views, detach Dickinson from the other poets of her time. Once finally published posthumously, Dickinson’s writings came to influence modernist writers through out the 20th century. One writer in particular who â€Å"was immensely influenced by Dickinson’s poetry and sought to probe the extreme reaches of consciousness and truth just as Dickinson had† (Langdell, 84)... ...History.† The Emily Dickinson Journal 13.1 (2004). 19-50. Project Muse. 23 Mar. 2005 /v013/13.1ladin.html>. Langdell, Cheri Colby. Adrienne Rich: The Moment of Change. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2004. Martin, Wendy. An American Typtych: Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Adrienne Rich. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pollack, Vivian R., ed. A Historical Guide to Emily Dickinson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Porter, David. Dickinson, the Modern Idiom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. Rich, Adrienne. What is Found There: Notebooks on Poetry and Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. ---. â€Å"Vesuvius at Home: The Power of Emily Dickinson (1975).† On Lies, Secrets, and Silence. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay -- Poetry Poets Dickinson Rich Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich The modernist period, stretching from the late 19th century to approximately 1960, is a very distinct phase in the progression of American literature, employing the use of novel literary techniques which stray away from the traditional literary styles observed in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sexuality (James Baldwin), as well as many others. The Modernist movement, however novel and unique, did not develop spontaneously. A few writers leading up to the movement exhibit obvious modernist views in their writing. These include male writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman, both of which had literature widely published through out their lives, influencing modernist writers to come. There is also, however, another writer who, though lesser known to the earliest modern composers, was one of the first female writers to show an obv ious propensity towards modernist ideals; Emily Dickinson. Though chronologically placed in the Romantic period, Emily Dickinson’s poetry, most published after her death beginning in 1890, exemplifies many modernist tendencies. Her stylistic oddities, such as her interesting diction, capitalization, rhythms, and use of the dash, as well as her feminist views, detach Dickinson from the other poets of her time. Once finally published posthumously, Dickinson’s writings came to influence modernist writers through out the 20th century. One writer in particular who â€Å"was immensely influenced by Dickinson’s poetry and sought to probe the extreme reaches of consciousness and truth just as Dickinson had† (Langdell, 84)... ...History.† The Emily Dickinson Journal 13.1 (2004). 19-50. Project Muse. 23 Mar. 2005 /v013/13.1ladin.html>. Langdell, Cheri Colby. Adrienne Rich: The Moment of Change. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2004. Martin, Wendy. An American Typtych: Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Adrienne Rich. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pollack, Vivian R., ed. A Historical Guide to Emily Dickinson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Porter, David. Dickinson, the Modern Idiom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. Rich, Adrienne. What is Found There: Notebooks on Poetry and Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. ---. â€Å"Vesuvius at Home: The Power of Emily Dickinson (1975).† On Lies, Secrets, and Silence. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979.

Usurpation in Richard II, As You Like It, Midsummer Nights Dream, and Romeo and Juliet :: Midsummer Nights Dream Essays

Usurpation in Richard II, As You Like It, Midsummer Night's Dream, and Romeo and Juliet In both As You Like It and Richard II, the concept of usurpation is illustrated in a political sense by a character substituting himself as ruler. However, Shakespeare employs usurpation in other contexts with characters of all different social positions. These two plays, A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Romeo and Juliet feature several kinds of usurpation, which are significant to characterization and plot development. The first instance of usurpation in A Midsummer Night's Dream is Demetrius saying "Yield/Thy crazed title to my certain right" (I.i.91-2). Essentially he is telling Lysander to give up his pursuit of Hermia, although Demetrius is not in a position to command Lysander. This sets the two characters against each other, and adds to the play's central conflict of whom Hermia will marry. Another kind of usurpation is shown by Egeus choosing Hermia's husband: he denies her the right to choose her husband based on love. Furthermore, Egeus endangers Hermia’s life, as Theseus declares she must marry Demetrius or die. This combination starts the plot action, causing Lysander and Hermia to flee Athens. Lysander, Hermia, Demetrius, and Helena occupying the forest exemplifies a third type, which places them in dream-like circumstances. Here, Lysander and Demetrius are forced out of character under the influence of Oberon's pansy juice. Both men fall in love with Helena, but only Lysander is given the antidote to Oberon's pansy juice: Demetrius remains in love with Helena and ultimately marries her. Thus going into the forest drastically affects Demetrius' character, as he no longer seeks to marry Hermia. A fourth kind of usurpation involves using or agreeing upon things. Oberon employing Puck, a puccha, is an example of this. Although Oberon intends only to trick Titania, Puck's mischief dictates both the personality and the actions of several characters, most notably Titania, who falls temporarily in love with Bottom, and Demetrius, who falls and remains in love with Helena. The kind of usurpation most present in Romeo and Juliet is the encroachment or impeding of another's rights. The first example is Capulet promising Juliet to Paris. As in A Midsummer Night's Dream, the father’s wishes contrast with the daughter’s, causing the daughter character to attempt to flee her family in hopes of escaping her arranged marriage and living with her lover. Although breaking tradition and even law by defying their fathers, these characters define themselves by choosing their husbands: they are not simply property to be sold off (with respect to the tradition of dowry).

Revitalization of the Daugava Riverside by the City of Riga

Urban contextHistory and urban construction alterationsRiga is the capital of Latvia which is a Northern state of Europe. The metropolis is good known by the Historic country inscribed in UNESCO’s World Heritage List on 4 December 1997, is considered of one of the largest and dynamic metropolis in Northern Europe whit the entire country is 304,2 square kilometres and the population around 713,000 in dwellers. The Riga metropolis has a really long and copiousness history which has a great influence to the urban context of the metropolis. Particularly in the 19Thursdayand 20Thursdaycentury, when World War I and World War II occurred, the state is under controlled of Russian Empire ( 1721 – 1917 ) , Germany ( 1917 – 1918, 1941 – 1944 ) and Soviet Union ( 1940 – 1941, 1944 – 1991 ) which changes the civilization every bit good as the manner of life of people, the urban construction and architectural of the whole metropolis is varied and complex. During the clip of the Russian Empire and Germany, Riga is a seaport metropolis which is the most vivacious and dynamic with over 800,000 industrial workers from Baltic state, Riga become the 3rd largest metropolis in term of the figure of workers after Moscow and Saint Peterburg. The value of the Daugava river and its waterfront was enhanced but it is dominated for ports and mills. As a consequence, the population of Riga metropolis increased rapidly which went along with the demand of lodging and infinites. More houses were built but harmonizing to Russian military ordinance, the people merely have the permission to construct wooden house in suburbs. In 1812, the wooden houses were destroyed by war and they were rebuilt but still follow the old wooden signifier. In mid-nineteenth century, the wooden houses have raised in figure and became surrounded the metropolis centre. These houses nowadays is a heritage and affects strongly to the preservation policy and urban theory. In 1860, a new maestro program with avenue, blocks of flat, alternate edifice and park were established. A new rail route was opened which stimulated the development of suburbs and mills, Riga port at that clip has the highest gross in Russian Empire, the river bank was developed rapidly. It led to a consequence that the economic system and the metropolis life existed with a strong connexion which is the chief quality of the development undertaking in the hereafter. In the period of So Viet Union, a new urban program was approved with the building of the big graduated table lodging undertaking every bit known as â€Å"mikrorayon† and the railway belt environing the metropolis centre. Besides that, the construction with the critical tallness such as Television tower ( 368m ) , Latvian academy of scientific discipline ( 108m ) were built, along with it Numberss of architecture tendencies were appeared in the urban context of Riga and one of those is the Art Nouveau which have specific architecture and the restriction of constructing tallness of 5 narratives. The alterations in urban construction in the Soviet Union times have the sinewy impacts to the policy of preservation in the current clip every bit so as the high restriction of edifice in the metropolis. Riga metropolis from holding independency boulder clay now ( 1991 – now ) has the important development. After 1995, metropolis started to reconstruct the valuable edifice and lodging which is considered as a roar in building at that clip, the service and new map edifices was established in the suburbs, efforts have been made to recover cultural symbol, historic value and houses which are lost after the 2nd World War. In the Riga particular program of 2006 – 2025, the new Riga centre has been created with the visions: planned as an country which is contrast the Old Riga in the right bank of Daugava river in a modern architecture and construction, full of map and services in which concern maps play as an of import function. Reduction in conveyance force per unit area in the Old Riga centre where the old circulation system to guarantee the saving intent of the old site. An international competition was hold by City of Riga to plan the new Riga along the left bank of the D augava River at that clip.Site contextThe riverbank of Daugava screens really larges districts in the entire cityscape country and travel along with the development of Riga through historical timeline when the metropolis economic system and day-to-day life have a stable nexus with the river Bankss. From the clip when Riga was found until now, the river has an every indispensable portion non merely because it is a metropolis natural component but besides the finding in planning and spacial individuality of the metropolis. For illustration, during the clip of Russian Empire and Soviet Union, because of the great function in H2O transit and industry, the metropolis construction has changed for the intent of functioning lodging for employees and edifice railway countries. From the really shortly period of 13Thursdaycentury, the substructure of Riga metropolis was changed, for functioning and linking seafaring with river transit by flatboats on Daugava, the merchandisers in Riga have cre ated a vivacious trading metropolis centre, the circulation system, constructing quality and unfastened infinite was improved for lading concern and burden. Until the 19Thursdaycentury, as a consequence of the rapid industrialisation, the development of railroads web and the embankment of port installations, the component of the ricer such as: islands, waterfront, etc. was transformed with the edifice of industrial objects and warehouses. It is assumed to be a comfortable clip of Riga Port every bit known as the major port of the Russian Empire. At the beginning of 20Thursdaycentury, a portion of Riga port was still situated right opposite the Old metropolis centre. The map of the market and the seaport was terminal in 1930 when the Central Market was established and broad public infinite were created in the metropolis centre. In World War II, the river Bankss of Daugava were destroyed, until 1949, they were reconstruct for basic and local transit demands. The port developed stronge r in lower Daugava, near the Bay of Riga. At the same clip, the developing industrialised countries along the riverbank appeared architecturally distractively and forestall the handiness of citizens. Presents, Riga metropolis has a develop program to work and reconstruct the value of the left bank and the right bank of Daugava river. The bing issue is traversing the river by Bridgess causes traffic jams in haste hours because of the high rise of autos and personal transit means. The infinites of Daugava river is defined by its derelict Bankss and aquatorium which is non considered to be a portion of incorporate urban environment in physically and psychologically. But due to the impacts in spacial composing and urban development in the yesteryear, the Daugava river can be understood as ‘the river of possibilities’( Dace Kalvane, 2010 ) . Its infinites can do a general position of metropolis position and lift. However, the handiness is prevent by bing substructures such as: span entree inclines and arterial roads which take downing the chances of river Bankss redevelopment and interaction for public community with waterfronts. The busy traffic flows separate the walkin g waies and diversion zones from the river Bankss. There is a deficiency of bike roads system in Daugava river countries. Those things led to a consequence that the river is about abandoned, it became more clearly when the old developments which were created in the yesteryear have lost their function in metropolis economic system and current developments have no connexion to the river. The development schemes for Riga metropolis from 2006 to 2025 expect to animate the nexus with Daugava for doing an active waterfront. Therefore, a varied enlargement of the riverbanks from different countries such as: container port and ware house country will be developed. The building of commercial, touristry sites, prosaic walk ways and bike roads which start from the suburbs to metropolis centre would be an interesting vision of substructures.Undertaking analysingUndertaking debutThe building, revival of Daugava riverbank and new modern urban one-fourth every bit good as its jobs in development has become a challenge and chief inquiry in several competitions and workshops hold by the City of Riga. One of those is the completion named â€Å"The prospective building on Mukusalas Street, Buru Street un Kilevina Ditch† occurred in 2006 to 2007. As the victor of this competition, the undertaking called â€Å"City of squares metropolis of towers† introduced a big country of new urban tissue on the left bank of Daugava river which is opposite with Old Riga centre and has the chief quality is the H2O elements and its of import function in the history. The undertaking belongs to the extension of protected UNESCO zone. The proposed maestro program includes the development of a system of squares, public infinites, mix-used edifice and flexibleness. Those squares and towers contribute in specifying their active surrounding and construction country. Furthermore, supplying feasible rules to guarantee an articulated brotherhood become more cardinal than the elements create it. The chief points of this undertaking is the systems of squares and tower which create the frame position of develop country of Riga metropolis. The new develop country is the theoretical account of long-run vison of the metropolis, make a new full map which portion the force per unit area of transit and dweller with the Old Riga centre, assisting in saving the civilization and heritage which is the most point attended in undertaking over the universe in by and large and in Europe peculiarly. In the article â€Å"Measuring urban heritage preservation: theory and structure† by Silvio Mendes Zancheti and Lucia Tone Ferreira Hidaka. They mentioned: â€Å"The sustainable preservation of urban heritage sites depends on the care of their present and past significances† . To make the end of sustainable

Advergames

Synopsis Adver lams Advertising into your subconsciousness craving This paper investigates how adver gages and anti- adver seconds restrain made a ground in our culture. I testament explore how the anti- adver bouncy movement utilizes the adjective empty talk in pose to create aw beness. furtherto a heavy(p)er extent I leave come to a conclusion ab pop out why or if we need the anti adver spicy movement. What exactly is adver backs? Advergames is a great way to rile out to the consumers in a subconscious manner. Advergames atomic number 18 idiot box games which contains advert for a product, service, or society. Advergames are created to f menacing out a purpose frequently to promote the company or one of the products. These games are often distri howevered freely as the game is a trade tool. Advergames ignore also be less obvious in their advertisement with product spot in the game. The goggle box games is an alternative form of advertize with many(preno minal) advantages they are cheap, fast, and have an extraordinary peer-to-peer selling ability. Advertising within a telly game al showtimes for more exposures to the product than tralatitious ads because, match to Ellen Ratchye Foster, a trend psychoanalyst for Fallon, anyone who buys these games devotes weeks and weeks to getting by dint of their levels. This cogitates that the consumer will see the advertisements oer and over temporary hookup they convey, thus it may resonate with them. 1 Product orderment Product placement in-game-advertising is most putting surfacely found in sports titles and simulation games. For advertisers an add may be dis drawed multiple times and a game may provide an opportunity to associate a products brand chain of mountains with the image of the game. Such examples include the use Sobe revel in Tom Clancys run away Cell Double Agent plot of land product placement in pullulate and television is fairly common, this type of in-game a dvertising has only recently become common in games. 2 1 http//advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. hypertext mark-up language 2 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Advergaming What is anti advergames?anti- advergames are games that dispute dissembleers to rethink their relationship with consumption and progress corporate critique. Advertisers, governments and organizations mount huge campaigns to figure us what they pauperization us to see, and we want to expose what theyre hiding, 3 In site to create awareness for the consumer (or more only the player) molleindustria. org and a nonher(prenominal)wises create anti advergames. The video games rib big companies and question corporate polices ranging from how cattle are raised (The McDonalds Videogame) to low pay for educateers (Disaffected . Ive always had a complicate relationship with advertising, Bogost said. Its everywhere, and its becoming more and more parasitic. Yet, because its everywher e it has the power to influence batch positively as well as controvertly. 4 When attempting to sell games as a persuasive medium, those in the business soonest on found it useful to fix to this class of games as serious games. Ian Bogost wrote the harbour compelling games where he analysed the empty words these games utilize in their attempt to share allegeation.Persuasive games Ian Bogost A entertain close to how videogames define arguments grandiosity, computing, politics, advertising, learning. In Persuasive Games, Ian Bogost explains how companies with the video game as a medium can make arguments and influence players. The games maintain how the received and artificial/imagined bodys work, and the players are invited to an interaction with the system to form an doctrine close to them. Bogost analyses the unusual functions of empty words in software and particularly in videogames.He argues that videogames because of their representation of adjectivality d ecipherable a whole natural universe for cerebration, a new form for rhetoric. 5 3 http//www. molleindustria. org/ client/149 4 http//www. molleindustria. org/ client/149 5 http//www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shypertext markup language This new form is called adjective rhetoric and is a form of rhetoric that is tied to the core affordances of computers which is running processes an penalise a rule-based symbolic manipulation. 6 adjective rhetoric is the practice of authoring arguments through processes. estimator games are interesting in this find out because they are some of the most obscure processes that exist. Covering both commercial and non-commercial games from the earliest arcade games through contemporaty titles, I verbalism at three areas in which videogame persuasion has already taken form and shows abundant potential politics, advertising, and education. The book reflects both supposed and game-design terminuss. 7 The McDonalds Videogame example McDo nalds video game is a easily example of adjective rhetoric. The game was knowing to persuade you that McDonalds business ride is corrupt. The McDonalds Videogame mounts a procedural rhetoric about the necessity of corruption in the global fast fodder business, and the sweep over temptation of greed, which leads to more corruption. In order to succeed in the longterm, the player moldiness use growth hormones, he moldiness coerce banana republics, and he moldiness mount PR and lobbying campaigns. 8 The game makes a procedural argument about the inherent lines in the fast food sedulousness, particularly the necessity of overstepping environmental and health-related boundaries. decisive campaign Mary Flanagan While Ian Bogosts procedural rhetoric explore the expressive processes in video games, Mary Flanagan examines the theories of diminutive play which considers how designing a play blank in a 6 7 8 9 http//www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. s hypertext mark-up langua ge http//www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml The Rhetoric of video games, Ian Bogost p. 127 The Rhetoric of video games, Ian Bogost p. 127 video game can be a bod of social activism.Definition of critical Play To Flanagan, critical play means to create or occupy play environments and activities that represent one or more questions about aspects of human life,10 and is characterized by a careful examination of social, cultural, political, or still soulfulnessal themes that function as alternates to usual play spaces. Thus the goal in theorizing a critical game-design paradigm is as much about the creative persons interest in critiquing the consideration quo as it is about utilize play for such a phase depart11.The connection that this process has with social activism is that the games that passel play and how they play those games deviate in response to culture. The doll example A simple example of critical play in a natural scenery is playing with dolls. They a re often utilize to enforce gender roles and stereotypes, many newborn girls today and in the early age of the doll industry would use dolls to chemise down social roles. Violent fantasies, disconsolate funerals, and other forms of changing the way play worked with dolls provides a striking example of critical play in its natural form. 2 10 precise Play group game design, Mary Flanagan, p 6 11 Critical Play melodic theme game design, Mary Flanagan, p 6 12 http//www. popmatters. com/pm/post/128966-mary-flanagans-critical-play Anti advergames Ian Bogost is one of the founding fathers of anti- advergames and in his book Persuasive Games he describes how procedural rhetoric can be used to run across the problems in our culture. Disaffected Does not impetus to proceduralize a consequence to Kinkos client service or labour issues.But its procedural rhetoric of incompetence does underscore the problem of disaffection in contemporary culture, on both sides of the counter. Were dissatisfied or unintentional to support structures of authority, but we do scantily undersize about it. We go to work at lousy jobs with poor benefits and ill treatment. We shrug off poor customer service and bad products, assuming that secret code can be done and ignoring the reasons why workers might get hold disenfranchised in the first place.We take for granted that we cant reach battalion in authority. These problems extend uttermost beyond copy stores. Disaffected has, kindred the McDonalds video game, no solution to how we change the problem. The game attempts instead to inform and educate the users by using the procedural rhetoric, showing how the organisation/world through processes affect everyone. The question is, does anti advergames genuinely have the effekt that Bogost and other gamedesigners think it does?Its a question with more than one side. On one elapse mint do get a better grounds of the structure and the core of the message but how is that differ ent form any other campaign? On the other hand we already know that Billion vaulting horse companies may be a little rough around the edges and that morally the vanquish thing (in a perfect world) would be to avoid the products and companies altogether. So why do we need anti advergames to inform us about the dangers? The point is to create awareness. in that location arent any (easy) solution to the problems so the close best thing is to make people aware of how the system works so that we dont stand idly by. This does not mean that the anti- advergames are created in a tactual sensation that the user, by playing the video game, is in full enlightened on completion of the game. frequently the player already has insight in how the system works as the people who arent interested in the critique habit be interested in the game either. None the less designers like Ian Bogost and Paolo Pedercini (molleindustria. org) feel their work will have some effect.At the very least, they contend, players might proceed thinking about corporations in new ways. The games, Pedercini said, can make people guide some questions, and for instance read a book or consider that there are a lot of motivations to change their lifestyles. 13 Brad Scott, director of digital branding at Landor Associates has an other opinion I dont know that they would have that negative effect on the brand, Scott said. You can near use it as, Boy, weve become such an delineation as a brand that were organism mimicked by video games. 14 I cant say which statement I think is correct but I think that advergames are a great way of advertising. There is an enormous nub of people who play video games, according to the Interactive Digital Software Association, as many as 60% of Americans over age 6 play them. putting that statistic together with the number of people using the internet, you have a phenomenal measure of people you can market to. 15 This great area of potential would of rails be a great place for marketing, both commercial and non-commercial.It would be a waste not to utilize it particularly if the people arent as offended or as immune as to other of the more traditional methods of advertising. 13 http//www. molleindustria. org/node/149 14 http//www. molleindustria. org/node/149 15 http//advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html 7 Digital Kultur Conclusion Advergames are becoming more and more habitual as the availability to the internet increases. The video game is like any other media being used to the benefit of the marketing industry and why not?The anti advergame movement with Ian Bogost criticise the marketing industry for being omnipresent and overpowering in its behaviour but is itself a game that has an agenda. Despite all, the anti advergames are needed. The goal is not to come up with a solution, but to create awareness, and that is exactly what they do. We have an anti advertising forum in any other media, why not i n the video games? 8 http//advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Advergaming http//www. molleindustria. rg/node/149 http//www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml http//www. popmatters. com/pm/post/128966-mary-flanagans-critical-play http//www. molleindustria. org/node/149 Texts Ian Bogost, The Rhetoric of video games, in The environmental science of Games Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2008 Ian Bogost, Procedural Rhetoric extract, in Persuasive Games The expressive Power of Videogames, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, 2007 Mary Flanagan, Introduction to Critical Play, in Critical Play prow Game Design, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press 2009 9

American Exceptionalism

The term the Statesn Exceptionalism has umpteen a(prenominal) definitions to numerous different community. In general it refers to the cerebration that the join States of the States holds the special title of manhoodwide stillness keeper and bringer of honorableice and democracy as they be the land of the free. the Statesn Conservatives much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the tea leaf Party, also pair the phrase up with the root word of superiority whereas liberals would much more(prenominal) privilege Ameri crumbs to wait on their demesne as ordinary and so scorn the term.To them ordinary means things like the Statesn does non always assume its present as the institutions super position besides simple-minded flakes as an international negotiator in clock of need. The terminology was coined in 1831 by Alexis de Tocqueville as to apologise a positive outward solution of the Statess democracy. In 1929 the phrase was hired adversely by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, when argue the approximation of the growth of capitalism in the states. In theory, American Exceptionalism works because of four key principles ecclesiastic compensate, resources, just cause and diversity.Many entrust that the United States was elect by God to lead the world and so they concur the divine power to act in such a way over just about other(a) countries. Although, others intuitive feeling that the sheer wealth and resources the country has- such as the most powerful armed forces in the world gives them this power. Some consider the strong caprices and principles that the country was founded on as to the reason they stomach a great say whereas others argue that it is the mix of hereditary pattern and cultures, which makes America a kind of highbred of the top hat of the world, allowing for it to carry this exceptional place in the world now.An rum and contradicting blow of the concept is that as an America k presentlys scoop out they whiteth orn over power their own sound system, other countries and conduct various types of secret activities if to entertain the pop system and state interests. America knows vanquish we moldiness invade Iraq to free the populate in that location from the tyranny they expect in, and then as a substitute(prenominal) thought because, they may def rarity weapons of spile ending (and oil that could be a dish up of use to us).The radical that hacking peoples lucre record and phone calls is just and fine, because the government can act beyond its means, as in the end they are protecting people from themselves- since they know best The idea of Exceptionalism has allowed America to involve itself in more conflicts since the Mexican- American War of1846 where the Americans refuse to accept that Mexico did not trust to be a part of the United States and felt it was their military mission to spread freedom to the people of Mexico, right by dint of to the Iraq war.During the Cold War the power of American Exceptionalism was employ to display the American way of tone as the right way and to try and lash the boost power of Communism. Ronald Reagan famously said that America had a duty to be shining city on the hill that the rest of the world would pure tone up to. There are many positives and yet, many negatives of American Exceptionalism, and it is the principles of the term itself retain brought about its demise.The amniotic fluid have been muddied and so there are now many variations of the meaning of the words, which depend on the people using them. There is a spectrum of tactual sensation to some America is the almighty bringer of justice, and may do this by any means as bulky as they reach their end target of a freer and bring together world. By contrast, others feel that Exceptionalism is simply apply as a cover for the falling giant to do whatever it wants from the invasions of lesser off countries, to sensing on the day to day lives of millions of Americans.The use of Exceptionalism in conflicting policy is often questioned is it just a calculate the country can hide fag end when real working for personal gains rather than the considerably of the people? The ex fomention is often utilise today in questioning Americas place as a super power. At a press conference in 2009 Obama was asked about his belief in American Exceptionalism he said I entrust in American Exceptionalism, just as I suspect the Brits retrieve in British Exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek Exceptionalism.In 2013 deal Romney used this comment to attack Obama, stating that he did not believe in the power of the United States as a power, yet them comment had little power as the term has been lost somewhat. The majority of the countries have democracy, or have made a greater gait towards it over the last century, leaving America with a much lesser role as the bringer of affable equality. American Exceptionalism has shaped the wor ld we live today, without it some(prenominal) America and Britain would not be looked to as a role model of strong popular systems and equality.The idea has brought the same concepts to many other countries and helped to boot out areas such as industry and the role of women. However, in new-fangled years the power of American Exceptionalism has irresolute and the flaws have become more visible. The positive effects of American Exceptionalism are now much gentler, and the coating is more to help countries create justice, rather than recruit Americas view.American ExceptionalismThe term American Exceptionalism has many definitions to many different people. In general it refers to the idea that the United States of America holds the special title of oecumenic peace keeper and bringer of justice and democracy as they are the land of the free. American Conservatives such as the Tea Party, also pair the phrase up with the idea of superiority whereas liberals would much more prefer Americans to see their country as ordinary and so dislike the term.To them ordinary means things like American does not always assume its place as the worlds super power but simple acts as an international negotiator in times of need. The terminology was coined in 1831 by Alexis de Tocqueville as to explain a positive outward effect of Americas democracy. In 1929 the phrase was used adversely by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, when opposing the idea of the growth of capitalism in the states. In theory, American Exceptionalism works because of four key principles divine right, resources, just beliefs and diversity.Many believe that the United States was chosen by God to lead the world and so they have the divine power to act in such a way over other countries. Although, others feel that the sheer wealth and resources the country has- such as the most powerful armed forces in the world gives them this power. Some consider the strong ideas and principles that the country was founded o n as to the reason they have a greater say whereas others argue that it is the mix of heritage and cultures, which makes America a kind of highbred of the best of the world, allowing for it to have this exceptional place in the world today.An odd and contradicting feature of the concept is that as an America knows best they may over power their own legal system, other countries and conduct various types of secret activities if to protect the democratic system and state interests. America knows best we must invade Iraq to free the people there from the dictatorship they live in, and then as a secondary thought because, they may have weapons of mass destruction (and oil that could be a lot of use to us).The idea that hacking peoples internet history and phone calls is just and fine, because the government can act beyond its means, as in the end they are protecting people from themselves- since they know best The idea of Exceptionalism has allowed America to involve itself in many conf licts since the Mexican- American War of1846 where the Americans refused to accept that Mexico did not want to be a part of the United States and felt it was their mission to spread freedom to the people of Mexico, right through to the Iraq war.During the Cold War the power of American Exceptionalism was used to display the American way of life as the right way and to try and crush the rising power of Communism. Ronald Reagan famously said that America had a duty to be shining city on the hill that the rest of the world would look up to. There are many positives and yet, many negatives of American Exceptionalism, and it is the principles of the term itself have brought about its demise.The waters have been muddied and so there are now many variations of the meaning of the words, which depend on the people using them. There is a spectrum of opinion to some America is the almighty bringer of justice, and may do this by any means as long as they reach their end target of a freer and fa ir world. By contrast, others feel that Exceptionalism is simply used as a cover for the falling giant to do whatever it wants from the invasions of lesser off countries, to spying on the day to day lives of millions of Americans.The use of Exceptionalism in foreign policy is often questioned is it just a front the country can hide behind when actually working for personal gains rather than the good of the people? The expression is often used today in questioning Americas place as a super power. At a press conference in 2009 Obama was asked about his belief in American Exceptionalism he said I believe in American Exceptionalism, just as I suspect the Brits believe in British Exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek Exceptionalism.In 2013 Mitt Romney used this comment to attack Obama, stating that he did not believe in the power of the United States as a power, yet them comment had little power as the term has been lost somewhat. The majority of the countries have democracy, or have made a greater step towards it over the last century, leaving America with a much lesser role as the bringer of social equality. American Exceptionalism has shaped the world we live today, without it both America and Britain would not be looked to as a role model of strong democratic systems and equality.The idea has brought the same concepts to many other countries and helped to advance areas such as industry and the role of women. However, in recent years the power of American Exceptionalism has faded and the flaws have become more visible. The positive effects of American Exceptionalism are now much gentler, and the goal is more to help countries create justice, rather than impose Americas view.